Political Psychology Essay Example for Free

Political Psychology Essay Assault casualties, overcomers of plane accidents, battle veterans, and other people who have encountered incredibly horrendous mishaps may respond sincerely with a posttraumatic stress issue. This response is described by automatic reexperiencing of the horrendous accidents, particularly the first sentiments of stun, loathsomeness, and dread, in dreams or flashbacks. Moreover, casualties experience an enthusiastic desensitizing corresponding to ordinary occasions, related with sentiments of estrangement from others. At long last, the enthusiastic agony of this response can bring about an expansion of different indications, for example, rest issues, coerce about enduring, trouble in concentrating, and an overstated alarm reaction (Calkins, 1996). The Situation: 9/11  â â â â â â â â â â A later model was the 9/11 episode. The security and assurance that was a seal of American social request was crushed by the 9/11 repercussions. The American individuals who have experienced the deprivation of both of their folks, siblings, sisters, closest relative, or companions likely could be setting up now with overwhelming anguish. They will need all the enthusiastic help they can get and they will require an all-inclusive recuperation period. Life will never look the equivalent again for any unmindful or conscious American individuals, yet the youngsters who have maintained individual fatalities may require impressive help from qualified, merciful masters (Skene, 2001).  â â â â â â â â â â The world isn't in the smallest quiet, however at present, there is no security issue becoming the overwhelming focus and the circumstance in the 9/11 attack is no exemption. The 9/11 occasion had presented for America a more prominent feeling of danger at the approach of the new thousand years. The 9/11 psychological oppressor assaults actuated dread, wrath, despondency, aversion, dread, compassion, bewilderment, despairing, revenge various responses in a country that was everlastingly changed. To interpret the blended response of a private individual in an all the more politically significant sense, it is insightful to review how then Senator Edward Livingston could be progressively significant at these occasions with his words in a discussion on the Alien and Sedition Acts: â€Å"†¦we are sufficiently preposterous to call ourselves free and edified while we advocate rules that would have disrespected the time of Gothic barbarity† (Skene, 2001).  â â â â â â â â â â They may well not so much grapple with the immaterial speculations worked out by advocates or on the TV report however are inclined to be coordinated in their considerations by an unmistakable insight of legitimacy. They may have dealings with an assorted variety of assessments and impressions, and their enunciation may subsume imitating or self-pernicious activities as a method of managing their counter, anger, and wretchedness. Various youngsters at this stage may exhibit a hesitance to talk about their notions and contemplations (Dunn, 2001). The Psychology of Situation: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  â â â â â â â â â â The enthusiastic reactions of posttraumatic stress can happen promptly following the fiasco in an intense frame and die down over a time of a while or can continue, turning into an interminable condition regularly called the lingering pressure design. In different cases, individuals may show no quick response however may encounter an out and out posttraumatic stress issue following a deferral of months or even years. Clinicians are as yet finding veterans of World War II and the Korean War who are showing leftover or postponed posttraumatic stress issue (Hinkle, 2004).  â â â â â â â â â â This deferred posttraumatic stress disorder has been an uncommon issue on account of Vietnam veterans. The issues of many appeared to be exacerbated by sentiments that they had been dismissed by an unsympathetic American open and that they had been double-crossed by their administration and had spent significant long periods of their lives in a squandered exertion (Bornstein, 1994). In an investigation of Vietnam veterans with battle understanding, called the â€Å"Forgotten Warrior Project,† John Wilson, an analyst at Cleveland State University found that (Kagan, 2004): Their self destruction rate was 23 to 33 percent higher than the national normal. Of the individuals who had been hitched when they left the United States, 38 percent were separated inside a half year in the wake of returning. The pace of hospitalization for liquor addiction or drinking issues was high and expanding. About portion of them despite everything had some passionate issues identified with change of regular citizen life. Brian Seaward is one of the creators that dug into the domain of stress and its wellbeing outcomes. Toward the ocean takes note of that beside the unique life occasions that might be experienced by nearly everybody, the most obvious piece of the rundown is the idea of change.â This suggests change might be pair with worry similar to a characteristic piece of present day living.â That change is a definitive wellspring of stress.â â€Å"Change turns into an incredible stressor specialist since it requires adjustment whether it is seen as a negative or positive experience† (Calkins, 1996). The significant highlights of posttraumatic stress issue, as per Seaward, are insight and stress.â Stress influences perception as tension barges in on one’s awareness as exhibited by his relentless aches of feeling, inordinate distraction with the compromising circumstance or individual, alarming responses, and other undesirable sensations.â It might likewise disable memory and consideration during intellectual tasks.â It might likewise improve consideration, primarily in regards to recollections of the stressor however dull contemplations can propagate pressure and make it interminable (Calkins, 1996). Toward the ocean additionally lists the passionate indications of wellbeing bother, which are among others, nervousness, fractiousness, expanded animosity, absence of energy, gloom, estrangement, and low confidence. Uncertainty, hindered decisions, absence of fixation, slips by in memory, and absentmindedness are a few instances of mental disadvantages brought about by wellbeing inconveniences. Offshore likewise shows that there are people who are more inclined to wellbeing inconveniences than others.â subsequently, the capacity to adapt to unforeseen weakness isn't the equivalent with everybody. For example, viable adapting to pressure relies on how individuals approach their everyday lives. Way of life is a key factor in deciding the probability of an improved posttraumatic stress issue (Calkins, 1996). Posttraumatic stress issue is generally combined with sentiments of bitterness, demoralization, and disappointment and as a rule happens with different side effects, for example, sentiments of uselessness or blame, diminished vitality, and self-destructive considerations. Similarly as one can have this season's flu virus and bladder disease simultaneously, it is very conceivable, particularly in the milder types of bipolar issue, to be both unusually discouraged and restless simultaneously (Dunn, 2001). Overcomers of very awful encounters, for example, 9/11 are some of the time left with unique tension issues. Some go about as though they have been by the stun of their trial. Their enthusiasm forever is decreased, and they feel distanced from the individuals around them. Others build up an inclination to remain continually on the caution, as though calamity makes certain to strike again at any second. They tend additionally to frighten without any problem. Individuals who have survived car accidents may freeze at the sound if vehicles in the night. The individuals who have persevered through a robbing or assault may react with a beginning at whatever point they hear weird sounds, and some previous detainees o war and prisoners report comparative responses at whatever point they hear moving toward strides (Skene, 2001). Overcomers of mental injury are likely additionally to continue remembering their experience. They experience the ill effects of bad dreams wherein the breaking scene is reenacted in the entirety of its unnerving point of interest, and by day they end up out of nowhere overpowered by nerve racking recollections at whatever point they are presented to circumstances that even remotely take after the first occasion (Garcã ­a, 2005). There is proof likewise that disposition issue are identified with unsettling influences in the cerebrum, to such a degree, that the side effects at times show up with no incitement. Neither the discouraged individual nor the nearby loved ones can highlight any bizarrely upsetting occasion that may have caused a downturn (Dunn, 2001). The Responsive Behavior of the Young and the Old Posttraumatic stress responses can happen at any age.â Some individuals get over the awful experience of 9/11 soon enough, however others are disturbed by manifestations for quite a long time. Various older death camp survivors separated totally decades after their difficulty was over when they must be hospitalized for clinical reasons. The experience was adequately like detainment to revive completely the old mental injuries (Garcã ­a, 2005). Kids suffer with mourning a ton in the vein of grown-ups, yet with still not as quite a bit of insight (Garcã ­a, 2005). When taking kids close by, perceive that they in all likelihood recognize more than what guardians award them credit for. In spite of the way that guardians innately want to protect their youngsters from torment, even the most youthful child comprehends that something is horribly off-base and longs to get a handle on why the each grown-up distressed and in tears. This defensive mentality just serves to deny the offspring of an opportunity to become familiar with anguish the board and adapting aptitudes, which are essential all through a person’s life, particularly when the individual proceeds with live without any parent who should shield them from profound distress since it is the parent or any nearby relative who has died (Garcã ­a, 2005). It is basic to recognize that each youngster is matchless in their appreciation of the whole procedure of death. This wisdom rely on their deve

Marketing for Reliability - Workmanship- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theMarketing for Reliability, Workmanship and Durability. Answer: Presentation Associations today have moved towards utilizing special strategies for improving their quality picture in the market. Promotions are putting significance on quality alongside angles like unwavering quality, workmanship and sturdiness. It has become the duty of the organizations that they should first appropriately develop their nature of the items and administrations to satisfy the cases of their publicizing. Clients are searching for answers for their issues, they are not searching for insignificant items. Realizing what the worth needs of the client requests an undivided attention of the clients needs, which would prompt real following up on the data (Brocato, Voorhees and Baker 2012). Conversation Client desires is the comprehension of what it required for giving incomparable client support that would bring predominant consumer loyalty. The prerequisite of knowing and acknowledging who are the clients and appreciate their needs are critical. Client desire is a principal part of client assistance and fulfillment and it sets the benchmark such that mirrors on ensuring client steadfastness and repurchasing. Conveying a decent items or administration to any client would guarantee the arrival of the client and even ensure the acceptable experience would acquire a great deal of verbal exposure and more clients. Client assistance is about desires, which gets molded by the encounters they had beforehand. It is the duty of the organizations to meet or outperform the desires clients have. Client assistance either gets commended or condemned dependent on the desires. On the off chance that the administration can meet desires, at that point the organization is doing precisely what is norm al and they would not get any sort of analysis or recognition (Daunt and Harris 2012). In the event that any industry is known for having awful client support, at that point they have the chance of getting magnificent upper hand by moving up to astounding client care, in the event that not, at that point normal. Desires for clients are perpetually developing and individuals are utilizing diverse better approaches for interfacing with organizations. Online networking has become a significant client support divert in associations. In key terms, the relationship between any client and business is an excursion. There is a key gathering (be it on the web or eye to eye), where desires (ideally) will be unmistakably settled. By at that point, the business starts the way toward passing on those desires. On the off chance that the desires are met, the client is fulfilled, and is along these lines in danger to return later on. The key issue here is that clients point of view of a business depends upon the separation between what the client needs and what the client gets. It's a dash of alarming to appreciate that undeniably the possibility of client support an affiliation passes on is when in doubt less key in picking customer relentlessness than how much an affiliation meets or beats desires (O'Cass and Sok 2013). An affiliation that has generally poor assistance levels, yet pulls in clients because of settlement or cost won't continue monetarily, considering current conditions, stood apart from a relationship with clients who have exclusive requirements that are disillusioned. That is one motivation driving why various affiliations are staggeringly beneficial notwithstanding the way that their client care is loathsome. The opening among desires, and what is given is near nothing or non-existent (Goddard et al. 2012). In an association, client assistance hole is found if there is a distinction found between client desires and client observations. The most ideal approach to close these holes is by understanding client needs and knowing client desires. The SERVQUAL (administration quality hole model) is a model in administration quality administration that can be utilized for distinguishing holes existing between client desires and the genuine administrations that are offered at the various phases of administration conveyance, and furthermore for shutting the hole and bettering client assistance. Improvement of client experience has become a gigantic element of corporate methodology and more officials are confronting the choice of focusing on their associations for widening client experience change. In any case, that isn't sufficient for understanding that the positive consequences of progress are immense. The most quick obstacle would be choosing the method of organizing the association and its rollout and afterward settling on where and the best approach to begin. These significant issues are expansive and muddled as the client experience changes regularly bomb satisfying the hopes. The base of such changes request associations in rolling out social improvements and afterward requiring themselves both monetarily and operationally (de Oa, de Oa and Calvo 2012). Cross useful client ventures cut across customary authoritative limits and getting any change this is troublesome. It is amazingly indispensable that the administration configuration is considered before beginning - s ettling on the structure, looking at the best grouping for the organization and ensuring administration operators are locked in and inescapable opposition is limited. The organization may likewise consider contemplating where to begin from for ensuring conveying close to term impression. It is fundamental for accomplishment of energy and authoritative purchase in and for the recognizable proof of subsidizing and the capacity of reinvesting in the change (Ulaga and Loveland 2014). Client desires and fulfillment are relentlessly related. Clients feel less fulfilled when they anticipate something from an affiliation anyway don't get what they predicted. Then again, in the event that they have low desires for an affiliation and are charmingly shocked, they may feel more fulfilled than if they had first class necessities and feel they have been let down. Strangely, affiliations are not generally arranged to conclusively imagine what clients will presume from them, and frameworks of get-together and investigating input are usually fundamental. Reliably, a client's degree of fulfillment is subject to the desires he has for an affiliation. For instance, in the event that he imagines that an affiliation will offer induce administration, regardless he experiences delays in the treatment of his request, he may feel unsatisfied. In like manner, on the off chance that he accepts an affiliation will give a quality item and his buy has all the reserves of being unobtrusivel y made, he may feel dismal. Additionally, a client may feel disappointed with a relationship in the event that he accepts his business is respected, yet an affiliation shows generally by engaging its operators to excuse him, act inconsiderately, or negligence to react sensibly to complaints. An extraordinary piece of the time, client desires and fulfillment are impacted by the advancements an affiliation uses to offer its items or administrations. For instance, if an affiliation uncovered that it outlines arranges inside a specific time partition anyway then neglects to satisfy this, its clients are undoubtedly going to feel swindled by the headway and baffled (Victorino, Verma and Wardell 2013). In like manner, if an affiliation progresses itself as putting client care in any case, anyway then shows just an ordinary degree of worry here, its clients are probably going to be less fulfilled. In such cases, the connection between client desires and fulfillment is one the affiliation a ffected with its publicizing claims. Now and again a client's own specific assumptions around an affiliation insignificant to progressing can also affect the relationship between client desires and fulfillment. For instance, if a client accepts an affiliation has the power to rapidly and unquestionably explore a hardware issue, anyway the affiliation can't give a finding in a split second, the client may feel let down. The equivalent may remain consistent if the client imagines that an affiliation will perceive exceptional requests yet it diminishes to do in that limit. Various affiliations wrongly attempt to meet recognized desires instead of recognizing what the clients' desires truly are. In the event that the desires are recognized, the affiliation's needs may have all the reserves of being messed up considering the way that is doesn't by any stretch out of the imaginative vitality handle what its clients require or consider all things considered crucial. In such cases and consi dering the relationship between client desires and fulfillment, finding persuading techniques for gaging client needs may show crucial for the affiliation's prospering (Miles, Miles and Cannon 2012). At one level, the hypothesis of advertising has extensive application the equivalent hid concerns and standards apply whatever the chance of the business. Regardless, the nature of a specific assistance business may manage a need to put by and large increasingly indispensable accentuation on certain promoting sections, which thusly could affect varying advertising draws near. It is routinely struggled that administrations have extraordinary characteristics that distinctive them from stock or made items. The four most normally credited to administrations are: Immaterialness administrations are to a gigantic degree sensible and dangerous. Heterogeneity administrations are non-standard and altogether factor. Indivisibility administrations are routinely made and gobbled up in the interim, with client interest simultaneously. Perishability it is absurd to store benefits in stock (Duverger 2012). End Taking everything into account, it has been discovered that associations today have moved towards utilizing limited time strategies for improving their quality picture in the market. Notices are setting significance on quality alongside perspectives like dependability,

A Foolproof Way to Write a Press Release (with Samples)

A Foolproof Way to Write a Press Release (with Samples) Whether you are announcing a new product or novel, improving your brand or author image, or looking for search engine optimization, a press release is a great way to achieve these aims and more. What once was simply a way to communicate a message to journalists has become something with a far greater reachâ€"a viral reach, in factâ€"and can be used to jumpstart your brand, business, or novel marketing. Using a simple inverted pyramid style of writing, the press release offers a way to advertise everything from an event to a new product to publication of a book, and theres a foolproof method to write it. If youre looking for that method, youve come to the right place.What is the point of a press release?If were going to discuss methodâ€"we should first discuss purpose. Before the growth of Internet marketing, press releases were sent to journalists to obtain media coverage. In keeping with the rules of journalism, the style was focused on sharing the news quickly and effectively via h eadline strength and a powerful lede, otherwise known as an opening paragraph and hook.Now, this purpose has evolved into a highly effective way to distribute information onlineâ€"through company websites, email campaigns, social media, or press release publishing platformsâ€"and achieve SEO (search engine optimization) goals for an organization, brand, or author. This results in a compact, power-packed punch of information dissemination that reaches audiences in the most succinct way possible.In essence, a press release now has viral possibilities. What once was limited to a shot-in-the-dark attempt to catch a journalists attention is now a medium offering great potential in landing a website in top spots for search engine results and building brand identity, whether for an author or a business.A press release offers viral marketing possibilities for your brand, business, or book. Photo by Dominika Roseclay from Pexels.How do I make the most of a press release?In consideration of t he multiple aims that a press release can now achieve, its time to rethink what should go into one in the planning and writing stages. Ideas like readability, keywords and effective headlinesâ€"although always a part of writing an effective press releaseâ€"are even more pertinent now.This means that if you have an hour to plan and write a press release, a large percentage of that time (20 minutes, at least) should go into determining a catchy headline and the right keywords to be included. While its impossible to cover this topic in depth for the scope of this article, you can learn more about creating a compelling headline by reading this piece about writing headlines that increase online traffic potential.You can also run several headline possibilities through this headline analyzer, although there are a few steps youll have to go through (entering your name, email address, and company information) to get a readout. The readout you receive, however, is a great breakdown of importa nt aspects of your headline, such as the emotional appeal, power words, and generic word choice youve used. Youll also receive a score on the headline youve chosen and be offered instructions regarding how to tweak it to get a higher score.What are the components of a press release?Beyond a catchy headline with important keywords included, the other components of a press release are:Contact information for media to get in touch with youThe city and state where this news is happeningBody copy, ordered by level of importanceBoiler Plate with information about your organization or brand. If youre unsure of how to write the boilerplate for your business or author brand, this website offers several great examples to guide you through the process of writing it. Basically, your boilerplate should include the following details:The name of your organizationYour mission statementFounding dates (if applicable)Company size (if applicable)A brief statement on what your organization is doing toda y to fulfill the ideas in your mission statementThe outline of a press release is simple. This graphic from CoSchedule is a great resource to use to make sure you are following the correct format and including all necessary elements when planning and writing your press release. As you can see from the graphic, the outline you should use is:HeadlineStatement of For Immediate Release and date of publicationPress contact information, including contact name, email and phone number (if applicable)Summary bullet pointsAn introductory paragraph (otherwise known as the lede), including a hook and the who, what, when, where, and why of your content.A second (and possibly third) paragraph offering additional information that supports your lede.The boilerplate of your organization or brand.So how do I write a great introductory paragraph/lede?As youll see from the graphic mentioned above, following the summary points of a press release, the introductory paragraph is the most important part of the content youll provide. If youve ever heard of the inverted pyramid strategy of writing, a press release follows it precisely, with the most important information at the beginning of the copy.Who, what, when, where, and whyThis means that the basic details of your press releaseâ€"who, what, when, where, and whyâ€"should be all included in the first paragraph. You should write this paragraph assuming that your reader will read it alone, and none of the paragraphs that will follow. In journalists terms, this paragraph is called a lede, and is meant to entice the reader to read further. In other wordsâ€"out of the three or more paragraphs you write in your press release, this one should get the most attention.In the lede, you should include the following aspects of your story:Who is the story about?What is happening?Where is it taking place?When will it take place?Why is it important?Follow these five Ws with a hook, which is a sentence informing the reader why they should be intere sted in this event. All of these together will be the first paragraph of your press release.What about the other paragraphs?If youre following the inverted pyramid format mentioned earlier, the second and additional paragraphs of your press release are simply additional information to offer your reader about the five Ws. This is the part where youll want to include quotes from important people involved with the project, product, or campaign. If you are writing a press release for a book that youre publishing, youll want to include your own quotes in these paragraphs, while writing the rest of the release in third-person point of view.Its important to keep in mind that any quotes used in this part of the press release should be beneficial for the reader. In other words, any quotes that you use should offer more detail for anyone interested in learning more about the focus of the press release, including insider information about the product or service being offered. You should use th ese paragraphs to tell your reader what they can gain from what youre advertising, rather than just random details about the speakers background or experience.How do I write a press release for a book?If youre writing a press release for a book, youll want to follow most of the same guidelines mentioned above. If youre using the press release for SEO purposes or simply as a viral marketing technique on social media, following the steps Ive mentioned above will get the job done. Just keep in mind that the 5 Wsâ€"who, what, when, where, and whyâ€"might take on additional meaning in this context. Specifically, if youre writing the press release to announce a book signing, youll need to include the details related to that book signing in the introductory paragraph.A press release should include the details related to an event, specifically who, what, when, where, and why. Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.However, in the case of a press release related to a novel, its important to also include details about the book itselfâ€"thus, the second set of 5 Ws. In the second paragraph, immediately following the introductory one stating the details of the actual signing event, youll want to clue readers in on the summary of the book. This might include its genre, main characters, setting, and a brief one- to two-sentence summation of the plot of the book.Other things you might want to include within a press release for a book signing or publication date include:Interesting details about the author or the authors storyAny award or recognition that the book has wonAny endorsement that a celebrity or well-known person has given for the bookAny buzzwords that might attract a certain audience to your book, i.e., millennials, working mothers, or spirituality.This article goes into more detail about specific points to focus on when writing a press release for a book and/or book signing event.Sample press releasesAs promised, here are some sample press releases written across a variety of industries.GameStop Announces Limited Supply of Nintendo Switch SystemsApple Expands Global Recycling ProgramsVail Resorts Acquire Stowe Mountain ResortA sparkling romantic comedy about one womans decision to tinker with the horoscopes of the (Aquarian) man of her dreamsâ€"with far-reaching consequences*.*Notice that on the author press release, the bulleted summary quotes are reviewer quotes, while the who, what, when, where, and why are all information about the books plot. This is because the purpose of the press release is to announce the book itself, rather than a signing or event surrounding the book.

Araby an Outline Commentary - 1533 Words

Araby: An Outline Commentary ‘The Sisters’ and ‘An Encounter’ are about the same length. ‘Araby’ is roughly a hundred lines shorter than these. There is a progression in the three stories. The boy in ‘The Sisters’ is a passive witness, limited in his capacity to act by the weight of the adults about him. The boy of ‘An Encounter’ rebels against this oppression but his reward is the menace of a bizarre and abnormal adult. The boy in ‘Araby’ strives both to act and to realize an actual affective relationship but suffers frustration, a thwarting that results both from the burden of adult control and his own recognition of the falseness of his aims. In short, ‘Araby’ is busy and crowded with people although these come and go in a breath.†¦show more content†¦The Arab’s Farewell to His Steed forms a story link with ‘Eveline’ of a very curious and intricate kind. The author of this sentimental recit ation verse was Caroline Norton. Her husband sought to divorce her for her relationship with Lord Melbourne. The priest whose picture was on the wall in ‘Eveline’ is, according to Eveline’s father, now in Melbourne. Unless we assume coincidence, a poor assumption with so careful a writer as Joyce, this constitutes a subterranean connection between the two stories. It may be one of the connections that Joyce challenged Stanislaus to find. If this link seems farfetched, remember that the same author brought us Finnegans Wake where such elaborate associations are a commonplace. An easier link is the railing where Mangan’s sister stands as she talks to the boy. This railing, the iron railing to which Eveline clings and the railing along which Lenehan runs his hands in ‘Two Gallants’ are all related. The boy’s journey is slow and surreal as the porter turns away passengers from the carriage reserved for the bazaar, a carriage whose sole pass enger is the boy. He arrives at the bazaar. It is almost ten and, pressed for time, he pays a shilling admission rather than waste time looking for the sixpence turnstile. He thus has a shilling left from what his uncle gave him and, as we learn

Media Reaction to Immigration - 1471 Words

Media Reaction to Immigration Name Course Date Submitted Media Reaction to Immigration: The issue of illegal immigration is one of the hotly debated topics in almost every facet of society, especially among political leaders. This topic has also received huge media attention and reaction in the recent past including an article written by William Finnegan and published by The New Yorker. The article focuses on addressing the issue of borderlines and is based on the move by 17 Congress members, who wrote a letter on 28th April 2010 demanding an instant action from President Obama to enhance border security. While the increase in illegal immigration has declined in the recent past, there is still a great need to enhance border security, particularly in the as violence in the neighborhood of U.S. Mexico has continued to escalate at an alarming rate. Therefore, evaluating the need to improve border security to lessening illegal immigration is vital for enhancing the countrys security and understanding its impacts on Americas econ omy and labor force. Historical Framework of Illegal Immigration: Illegal immigration has continued to be a major problem in America, particularly in the latter periods of the 20th Century. Notably, the origin of this huge problem can be traced back to the late 19th Century that prompted the enactment of a federal legislation that forbade the entry of prostitutes and convicts in 1875. Prior to the enactment of this law and subsequentShow MoreRelatedMedia Reaction Of Political Issues On Immigration1334 Words   |  6 Pages Media Reaction to Political Issues on Immigration Marvin Cornejo Instructor: Eddie Trevizo 6:00 pm to 10:00 pm Introduction Political issues relating to immigration have long been a concern since migrating into the United States became so called â€Å"illegal† in the late 1880s. 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Assessing Youth’s Education Relative to Health-related Issues and Concerns Free Essays

Almost half of the world’s population today is being occupied by the young people, or also known as the youth. As a matter of fact, almost three-billion people around the globe are within/under the age of twenty-five years old, 85% of whom are living in developing countries (United Nations Population Fund, 2005) – and such is expected to rise for another thirty years (Ashford, et al, 2006). In a World Youth Report (2003) of the United Nations, it was cited that around half of the world’s inhabitants are less than twenty years old. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessing Youth’s Education Relative to Health-related Issues and Concerns or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, in its 2006 data sheet, the World Youth Report specified that it has been projected that people under twenty-five years old will reach a population of 3. 13-billion in 2010 and will increase to 3. 13-billion in 2030. Basing the aforementioned figures, it can be deemed that the world is being comprised by the younger generations. In hindsight, one can gain the idea that nearly half of the world’s human resources are the youth (Van, 2000). It is in this juncture that one can realise the importance of taking good care of the young since they are the present and the future of the world. Their becoming can shape the world’s future; thus, they play a crucial role in the present society. It is even believed by many that youths are the prime movers towards global integration, and prosperous future for their respective organisations and nations (Fenech, 1998). One of the best ways of taking good care the young people is by looking into their needs. Notably, the high school age youth are more vulnerable to changes and the things that are happening around them. In this transition stage, they are exposed to physical changes, and the abrupt developments in their emotions, intelligence and sociability (Cox, 1999). It is also in this phase wherein they are searching for their identity and seeking for intimacy from the opposite sex. They become more aggressive and curious for the things that they have not experienced or known. In this effect, young people need proper guidance in how to cope up with these changes. They need support system that will understand their pains, dreams, frustrations and ideas (Familydoctor. rg, 2000). They need someone who is open-minded enough to understand what the young people are undergoing within the context of this modern time. It is in this basis that proper education should be served most especially to the young people. Accordingly, education equips the young for adulthood as it aids for their development of physical and cognitive skills (Lloyd, 2005). Thus, proper education is the basic need among the young peo ple. According to Lloyd (2005), schooling also plays an essential role in the young people’s health. Health concerns among this young generation is mostly brought upon by unsafe sex and, sometimes, the promiscuous lifestyle caused by raging hormones and pressure from peer groups. In some youth assessments, it was found out that students who are in high school are most likely not to indulge in sex than those out-of-school-youth within that age bracket. Meanwhile, in order to check whether the need of the youth for proper education is really being served to them, it is only proper to have assessments for such. And since education plays an integral part for the health among the youth (as mentioned earlier), taking surveys and field researches on the health status of these young people can be one of the tools in assessing if, indeed, the need for proper education among the youth has been met. Youth, Sex Education and Health One of the most prevalent issues besetting the young nowadays is their exposure to the hazardous health problems brought upon mostly by the lack of good education for proper health care. The common dangerous health problems facing the young people are caused by unprotected sex – leading mostly to acquisition of HIV and STDs, early childbirth, and forced abortion. Most cases of death rates claimed by unsafe abortions happened in developing countries (Population Reports, 1997). Furthermore, it was accounted that each year more than 1-million girls (15-19 years old) have unsafe abortions (Murphy and Carr, 2007). Murphy and Carr also cited that only a meager percentage of 35% among 15-19 years old girls use contraception, making them more susceptible to STDs and HIV. It is also not surprising that when it comes to young people getting affected with HIV/AIDS, women outnumber men (Rizvi, Inter Press Service Agency), since gender discrimination and lack of education among women is still much happening in some countries where norms and cultures prevail most of the time. With all of these health risks facing by the youth nowadays, one can construe the importance of health education in schools and in homes – specifically, sex education. According to Murphy and Carr (2007), more educated young women have fewer children and are most likely free from reproductive risks. It was also known that one of the main reasons why many teenagers acquired STDS is because of the lack of knowledge and awareness for safe sex. In the United States, the most common STD among teenagers is HPV with Chlamydia and Gonorrhea (dbtechno. com, 2008). Also, some studies showed that sex education, indeed, help for the decrease of unwanted pregnancies (World Youth Report 2003). Right for Education Seeing the importance of proper education to further uphold the good health each youth deserve, it is only but right to say that education is a right of every young person. Each child, whether in a developed or developing country, deserves free access to education. In this manner, he/she will not just be equipped with the proper knowledge of academe but also the basic learning for value formation, decision-making and health care. Meanwhile, providing free access to basic education does not only contribute the well-being of the youth as he/she grows older, but also the community where he/she belongs. By providing proper education to their citizens as early as nursery, nations, in effect, are actually molding the future of their country. Having a profound educational background, these citizens will be able likely to contribute for the development of their nations by being productive and pro-active members of the community, and not merely as liabilities (Ahmed, 2006). Furthermore, their wide knowledge and awareness to the problems of the world such as the growing number of HIV/AIDS victims enablea them to realize the ill-effects brought by such disease to themselves, to their families, and to their community where they belong at. Free access to education also enables the young to be better citizens, helping for the policy formation of their countries. Being educated will give them the confidence to voice out their opinions and ideas that can help shape the world to be a better one, not to mention upholding the true essence of democratic expression. By this positive result brought upon by proper education, it is, thus, necessary to assess this basic need among the youth by giving attention to the current statistics of youth development (one of which is healthy life). Maltese National Youth Policy The National Youth Policy of Malta is being considered by many as an ideal approach in reaching out to the young generations. Good results and positive feedbacks were gained from this said policy as Maltese youth are becoming more educated and active (especially in politics) in advancing the needs of their fellow youth, onshore and offshore (Euro-Mediterranean Youth Platform). The National Youth Policy of Malta is comprised of provisions, programs and policies that set for the development of the young people within a holistic approach. It oversees the economic, social, cultural, and educational development of the youth as it encourages them to be active citizens in Malta. Importantly, the Maltese National Youth Policy also comprises set of policies that involves for the betterment of the healthy living among Maltese youth wherein it emphasizes the essence of a proper health education. It also recognizes the hazards brought upon by promiscuity and unsafe sex, and the importance of education and promotion of safety standards (National Youth Policy 2005). The Maltese Youth Policy is also being well-taken by the Maltese youth and, even, foreigners who see the effectiveness of such. According to Malta’s Parliamentary Secretariat for Youth, Sport, Culture and the Arts, Mr. Reuben Fenech, the Maltese Government gives importance in increasing awareness amongst youths on the essence of healthy living. He also cited the government’s strategy in mobilizing its young people to participate in government affairs, as well as its commitment for free education to all young Maltese citizens (Fenech, 1998). Notably, young people age 5-16 years old are enti tled for free education in all state schools of Malta as it is every right of a child to have good education (Education in Malta, European Union). Furthermore, the Maltese government also touches on sex education amongst its youths to promote the prevention of sex-related health risks. A youth organization in Malta even ventured for a youth exchange program with Estonia wherein issues on sex, health and gender issues were tackled (Suda, 2006). This practical approach of the Maltese Government towards sex education also opened other people’s perspective on the importance of standardized sex education programme in secondary schools (Medical Association of Malta, 2006). This came on the reality that HIV is a global issue which youths should be made aware of. Furthermore, cases of teenage pregnancies in the country triggered others, especially teenage girls, to embrace the importance of sex education (Bernice and Kim, 2004). The Maltese National Youth Policy has been one of the world’s most recognized youth policies especially in the Euro-Mediterranean Region wherein it serves as basis for programme implementation for the youths outside and within the periphery of the said Region (Swedish Diplomatic Missions Abroad, 2005). It is in this reason the many find it as the better way in dealing with youth needs. The policy has been tried and tested, and viewed effective by many as the natural approach in youth developmental concerns, specifically the relative relationship between proper education and healthy living. It shows that education, above all, is the most important tool in building the being of a young person so that as he/she grows older, his/her decisions will be bounded within the realm of logic and values. Furthermore, free access to education enables the young to be distant from health risks, especially those acquired through unsafe sex. Just like in Malta, youths are being opened to issues of sex and the maturity that goes with it through sex education and making the youths’ inputs relevant in the government’s policymaking. Conclusions The Maltese National Youth Policy is one proof that constant research, surveys, and monitoring is effective in assessing that the needs of the young people are generally being met. It also shows that through proper education, youths will be knowledgeable in their dealings with their community and how to have a healthy lifestyle. With all those abovementioned details, one can still conclude that the basic need of every young people in this world is education. And living within the context of the modern time, sex education should be included in every school’s curriculum. This is to prevent teenage pregnancies and abortion, and the acquisition of HIV/AIDS/STDs (World Youth Report, 2003) as many young people are living with great risks for sex-acquired health problems (Ashford, et al, 2006). As a matter of many opinions, sex education should start as early as the child turns 2-year old, and that parents should be the first â€Å"educators† for such (Varner, 2008 and REC, 2006). The effectiveness of sex education can also be construed by surveys that reflected low incidents of unwanted pregnancies among schools that taught sex education (BBC News, 2007). It cannot be prevented, though, that there are still some individuals who are conservative and are not receptive on the idea of sex education and distribution of contraception among the youths (May, 2008). The need for a proper education can also have multiply effects to the well-being of the youth. It primarily affects how one should take care himself/herself, and to keep one’s body and mind always healthy. Thus, assessing the need for youth education is also, in a way, can trickle down in the assessment of youth health – as shown in most studies that unhealthy living and acquired diseases are mostly caused by lack of knowledge and education. Seeing this intertwining relationship of education and health needs among youth, one can surmise that investing in both aspects in the lives of the young people is a must (Nair, 2002). Educational system should be designed within the context of the modern time as the needs of these young people are changeable as years passed. There should be an open communication between the young people and their respective governments so that both will know what to expect from each other, making policymaking and programme formulations for the youth a lot easier. The government should be present all the time to assist and facilitate the needs of the young people as they face challenges that are far greater than they were still children (Bush, 2007). To assess if the basic needs for good education and proper health care among the youths are being met, there should be consistent surveys and accurate first-hand accounts in the grassroots. In this manner, it would be also easier to immediately identify further problems and concerns besetting the young people as time flies. How to cite Assessing Youth’s Education Relative to Health-related Issues and Concerns, Papers

Modern Poetry/Other cultures Essay Example

Modern Poetry/Other cultures Essay There appears to be overlapping themes running through these poems. Identify the symmetry and divergence, explaining how the poets have used language to emphasise their message. After studying the two poems named . 38 and The Hangman it has become clear to me that they are both very well written, good, effective poems. The two poems both have short, sharp, attention grabbing titles. Both titles are death related and eye catching, although The Hangman is an actual person who takes lives but the .38 is the name of an object, which takes lives. But you could also see the Hangman as a type of object as he comes across that he just easily takes peoples lives every day and does not care, and does it as if he is a weapon. Not all readers of the poems will know what a .38 is though, until they read further on into the poem where has The Hangman is a title where everyone knows what it is So thats one difference between the two. My opinion as having the .38 as the title is that its a good idea because people want to read it so see what its about. And The Hangman as a title is eye catching too because its interesting and you know its about a person so you want to read about that person. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Poetry/Other cultures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Poetry/Other cultures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Poetry/Other cultures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the .38 the narrator is unknown, The sentences begin with I hear, I could be anybody but the poem is about a man beating his wife, the narrator (the witness) knows this has happened before I know this because the first line says I hear the man downstairs slapping the hell out of his stupid wife again again indicating that it has happened before. It says that he hears the wife begging for mercy as if this man beating her has power over her. The narrator says out of his stupid wife which tells us that the man hitting her is in fact her husband. The narrator is unknown, but whoever they are they cannot help. This may mean they are a baby, the narrator could be a baby in another room who can only hear this entire thing going on but not be able to shout out about it or intervene. But it might also mean that the person is in fact in threat themselves if they intervene, they could even be tied up and gagged but there is definitely a reason why they cannot intervene. The narrator is upstairs from them at first, but then the women flees upstairs to get away from the man, we known this because it says I hear her fleeing from the room, I hear them running upstairs, I hear her outside my door So why? Why cant that person help if they are only a door away, I feel its because that person is in danger or maybe to scared to speak out. The poem most probably takes place in a house because they start off downstairs and then go upstairs where there are more rooms. So this is a domestic violence. A wife-husband kind of violence. The poem runs through quickly with short sentences, there are no full stops so the poem is read straight through very quickly, it has a rhythm like a heartbeat which sounds excited and builds up tension. There is no punctuation also I noticed at the end all the lines are longer and they seem to make everything feel like its slow motion. In both poems the narrator is unknown and we have no idea of who they are. They are both witnesses to an event taking place and they both become victims. In both poems the narrators can not speak out either, they both know what is going to happen and just wait for it to come. In the .38 they also use repetitive techniques that makes the poem sound better, in the poem the poet repeats the words my door From line 9 to 13 it explains how close to his door they are. I hear her outside my door I hear him coming towards my door I hear her banging on my door I hear him bang her head on my door I hear him trying to drag her away from my door They keep repeating that they are by the witnesses door to make it clear just how close this is all going on to the witness. And to make it kind of frightening. And scary knowing that such a horrible person was really close to the witness and makes the reader wonder whether they are going to get involved with the event. The thing which makes it worse is that they are so close to the witness but for some reason the witness cannot help, this could be because they fear their own lives. Towards the end of the poem the witness (narrator) knows that he is going to die. Thats why I think he is tied up because he cannot help that could be because he was tied up and could not move, also he knew he was going to die but what give him the impression? I think it was because he was tied up and as the man got closer he knew he was coming for him and that he would not live. In the poem the sentences then changed. They get very descriptive about the gun for example: I hear the click of the thirty eight before the firing pin hits the bullet I hear the loud blast of the powder exploding in the chamber of the .38 I hear the heavy lead nose of the bullet swiftly cutting its way through the barrel of the .38 They say it in detail so you can picture what is happening it makes it feel real and makes you feel like your there. The whole poem was written in present tense so the things were said as it was happening it made the poem more realistic and made it feel like you were there. The poem is written to build up tension with death as the climax. If the poem were written in past tense it wouldnt have been so good. Because it was written in present tense it built up tension waiting for what was going to happen next and the poem was written to make it feel like it was real. The second poem The Hangman is also very effective. The title is short and tells us straight away what the poem is going to be about unlike the .38 . We know straight away what the poem is going to be about. It is about a man who hangs people for a living. The poem starts off talking about the hangman coming to town and setting up a frame to hang people off when he carries out his job. The towns people are scared of the hangman and dont want him in their town. They do not know who is going to be killed next and are scared. The narrator of the poem witnesses all of the hangings but he will not speak out or try to help any of the people, we dont know why either this is similar to the poem .38 I think that the reason the narrator will not speak out about his opinions of the killings because he fears his life will be taken and he will be hung too. I later read in the poem that someone got hung because they spoke out about their views too. From the poem we can get some idea of what the hangman is like In the first verse it says: into our town the hangman came smelling of gold and blood and fame This is a good description of the hangman even though it is impossible to smell of gold, blood and fame. I think the author of the poem wrote that to describe the feelings the hangman gave out. When people see the hangman they all know who he is straight away and what he was there for. This explains why fame is used to describe him. Also whenever the hangman was seen people would automatically think of death, blood because they knew his job was to hang people. Basically he was paid to commit murder. He took lives. He gives out a cold feeling of death and blood. People relate gold to him because the hangman was paid to kill, paid to hang, and he would probably of had a lot of money as he carried out quite along of hangings. I think the hangman has a cool and calm attitude towards life, I dont think he minds hanging people, its almost as if he is not a real person with real feelings, as if he is immune to feeling upset and sad about death. He seems more an instrument of death than a murderer. It says in the poem Twinkle in his buckshot eye Almost as if he is excited about his job, the twinkle indicates a tiny part of excitement, he has eyes like buckshot led, and they seem scary with no life in them almost as if the hangman is a cold person with no feelings. But it seems like he doesnt actually want to hurt the people he hangs its almost as if the hanging is his job and its physical. Not emotional to him. There is a line in the poem that discusses how the hangman does his job: As the hangman prepared with an expert twist, the yellow rope in his busy fist This line tells me the hangman prepared with an expert twist, expert because he is an expert in doing this, he has done this so many times for all the different people he hangs. He seems confident in doing his work and he cant stop moving his hands Like as if he is excited about hanging his next victim. In the hangman the towns people asked For whom you raise the gallows tree? The hangman replies: He who serves me best But the towns people dont really have much idea what he is talking about they are confused, but too scared to speak out. I feel that the reason the people did not speak out is because they feared for their own safety. I have found that there are many links between the two poems Both poems are death related and violent they both involve physical abuse, and killings. In the .38 the title is attention grabbing like the hangman, the titles both tell the reasons that death occurs in the poem. In the two poems there are deaths at the end. The reason being they have witnessed the things that were happening and they were not wanted to do that. Both victims thought what was happening was wrong, although none of them would speak out about it. And in both the poems the witnesses waited for their death to come, almost expecting it. In the poems they are also both LAST to die, this may be because all the other people have been killed and now they need to kill the witness, or person who does not agree with what has been done. Also tension is built up very well in both poems too. In the way the poems were written, their tenses made the poems build up tension. But there were also quite a few differences between the poems The poem . 38 starts straight into the violent stage where as in the hangman it starts off where the hangman comes into town. Also in the hangman the killings are official and legal where as the violence in the poem . 38 is illegal. The . 38 is a domestic violence poem where as the hangman is a poem set in public in front of everybody, it is frowned upon but cannot be stopped. Also when the hangman is about to hang people they do not make a struggle because they know that it is allowed where as in the other poem the women struggles and tries to escape harm sadly unsuccessfully. The poem . 38 is so much more dramatic than the hangman and in the hangman it Is accepted by the people that it is his job to take lives although they think it is wrong. Where as in .38 its totally unacceptable what is happening. Also the poem .38 is set on modern times where as The Hangman is set in an older time period. One more difference is that in .38 it is written in present tense where as in The hangman it jumps from present to past all the way through. I think the two poems are written to tell us that we need to speak out our views and opinions. The poems both involve violence and deaths that shouldnt happen because its not fair to take lives. I feel that the poems are saying that even in the times of hangmen rite up until recently there is still violence and death which shouldnt go on and that somebody needs to speak out about it before it gets too late. I think the poem is particularly effective in the way they described the events the poets wrote these poems with great thought to be effective and make the reader get involved and understand.

Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact

Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact Introduction The EU was formed in 1957 and efforts to coordinate the currency into single formidable currency took place later in 1992 through the Maastricht Treaty that was later launched in 1999. This led to the introduction of rules that were to be followed the EU members so as to be allowed to use the euro.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The condition came to be known as the Convergence criteria of which low and stable inflation, stable exchange rate and sound public finances were to be followed strictly (Rossi and Aguilera 8-11). The introduction of the Euro lead to its adoption into the national central banks of each member states as a monetary measure. This led to the formation of an independent European Central Bank (ECB) to serve this purpose. The formation of the EU has facilitated international trade among the member states (Rossi a nd Aguilera 12). However, this picture has not been the way it is found in the strategies of EU Commission. The global recession that hit the world in years 2007 and 2008 and other financial crises have led to deep problems in the economies of Euro countries. The Euro zone crisis requires a serious study to understand the cause and the strategies needed to restore the Euro into normalcy. This paper will thus focus on these issues revolving around the Euro crises. Background Information Causes of Euro Zone Crises According to the Stability and Growth pact stipulated in the heart of European Union Economic integration, it was agreed that the member states should not borrow more than 3% of their economies. The problem seems to stem from large debts held by some of the member countries hence producing a spiral effect to other members. The problem probably is as a result of structural maladjustments as IMEMO observes in their report of the crisis. Member countries like Spain, Italy, Fran ce, Germany and Greece have witnessed the fall of the euro against the dollar by 15 percent in the year 2010. The crisis has seen the euro plummet to below the 1.20 dollar benchmark forcing foreign efforts to intervene to save Greek on the verge of collapsing. According to IMEMO, the crises have four key features. In the first feature as already mentioned, there exists the problem of structural and economic gaps between member states of the EU. An analysis of these inconsistencies reveals that Southern European member countries are not as advances as the leading European countries. This is reflected by the low quality education statistics that fall behind the framework of the EU.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These gaps reveal that disparities between the EU countries contribute to differences in the purchasing power of the low performing countries. These souther n countries have backward moving and uncompetitive economies with constantly low GDPs. The average purchasing power indicator shows that the following nations have below the average 108% value of more than half of the Euro Countries, Greece 95%, Slovenia, 86%, 78% for Malta and Portugal and Slovenia 72%. Therefore, the problem lies in their grouping as members of the Euro countries yet they remain behind in term of competitive advantage. In the ensuing effect, these nations have the attitude of approaching the EU as a forum where they improve the standards of living. Further, the strategies they use in this effort is only geared toward maintaining international standards as per the EU without working on the details of internal production, increased sale and cross border production. They have low labor productivity compounded by low levels of human capital that lags behind serious in the information knowledge technology economy (IMEMO para. 3-6). Their R D is almost absent, and the private business sector reveals lack of involvement leading to the backward trend. When compared with the leaders’ these countries will take time to get at par with the developed and advancing countries in Euro zone. This led to countries living beyond their means since the wages grew fast at the pressure of trade unions and the need to maintain the standards of welfare at the expense of poor social security system, ineffective administration hence the need to borrow more for sustenance. Efforts to devaluate the credit and monetary policy in different structured countries can only lead to varied results that are not feasible. This is because this measure leaves out the structural consideration needed to boost such economies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Zone Economic Crisis and its Impact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second problem lies in the systemic and institutional nature of the Union. Th e member nations have handed the monetary power to the Commission which through the ECB has done its bets to maintain the inflation rate at 2.5 percent, kept prices stable and the exchange rate between the dollar reflecting long term trends. However, the lack of inclusion of other key economic policies in the hands of the Union leaves the national members states with the option of dictating their one course. In the long run, there arises an uncoordinated guideline in the nations. These economic situations have worsened especially in individual member states. The situation is made worse with the lack of economic coordination. This had led to conflicts with ECB. This is because of the emerging issues and disagreements regarding individual governments’ economic problems, which spreads to the whole economic policy of the Euro community. The third problem lies in the fiscal nature and abilities. All the euro states have breached the Maastricht criteria that stipulate that borrowin g should not exceed 3 percent of the states budget of GPD. The reform brought by France and Germany in 2005 fuelled the problem by eliminating the measures designated to check the flouting of Maastricht criteria. Countries like Britain had not been in this excessive budget deficit due to the concern of the pound. Therefore, when the world financial and economic crisis hit, Britain was not affected. The European nations at this time went overboard in borrowing in order to revive, restructure and rearrange their economies for effective energy use at the expense of diminishing budget revenues. This had the effect of increasing budget deficits to unimagined magnitudes. In this case, the euro zone governments spending rose to 50.7 percent in 2009 from 46 percent in 2007 as budget revenue decreased from 45.4 to 44.4 percent in a span of two years. This resulted to a deficit of 6.3 percent (IMEMO, para 5). This debt problem is explained by unjustified growth backed by borrowing. This probl em was compounded further by the previous surge in household debts base on mortgage and consumer debts that read about 99 percent in the make up of GPD in 2007. I other countries like Spain, this had shot up to 125%; however, when compared to 134% recorded in the US, these were lower.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This had a serious effect on the Euro zone debt problem just like the increased foreign debts of the euro zone bank’s liabilities. This was indicated by high financial leverages of 21 to 49 in European Banks s compared to 12 and 17 in US banks. Also, the problem of bank cross border integration led to some banks becoming more vulnerable from the operations of foreign others in the Euro zone (IMEMO, para 8). This problem is also compounded by leading behaviors of banks and especially the German and France banks. This forms the fourth feature of the Euro crisis know as the credibility gap of the financial institutions, in the member states as well as the Euro region governance as a whole. This was compounded by the need and insistence for integration against the least effective anti crisis measures by some member states. The crisis in each member countries has had various effects due to these problems. In the export oriented countries, GDP has gone down like in Germany 2009 bei ng overtaken by the productivity values of south European countries like Greece and Spain. The rising unemployment rate has compounded the problem in Euro nations rising to two folds in nations like Spain and Ireland. This forms the basis for social protests that hinder the implementation of anti-crises measures. This results to state problems like those of Greece. Greek in the Middle of the Crises Greece faces debt from the external and internal point of view. For internal debt, the public sector has for a long time run one budget deficits. In the case of external debts, deficits have been caused by too much current account deficits hence an illustration of living beyond its means. The international crisis has affected the Greek economy in a severe way since the last quarter of 2008. Hellenic Statistical Authority noted that in the last quarter of 2008, the increase in GDP was only 0.7%, compared to the rest of the year in which it was over 2 per cent. This trend started 2009; and since then, the economy has deepened into economic recession. According to Hellenic Statistical Authority; In 2009, the annual decrease in GDP was 2 %. In addition to this, the Greek economy has faced the problem of fiscal disorders. Indeed, in 2009, the deficit was 12.7 % of GDP [whereas] the public debt was estimated at 113.4% of GDP (p.20). The IMF report noted that the Greek economy enjoyed a period of considerable growth (1994-beginning of 2008). According to the IMF, in 2009, the Greek GDP was decreased by 2 %; in the last quarter, the reduction in GDP was 2.5%. The IMF predicted that the 2010 Greek GDP to be 2% (p.19). Also, predictions about the economies reveal a gleam picture. The IMF also predicted that during 2011; the Greek economy would remain in depression and that the GDP would continue to decrease by 1.1%. On the other hand, the Euro region would go to an increase of 1.5% (IMF, 20). There is a prediction by economists that public debt will reach 150% of GPD by 2014. Table 1: Important Statistics Greece’s: 2009 2014* Change Nominal GDP (Euro in bn) Debt(%of GDP) Interest Payments (% of GDP) Debt (euro in bn) 237.5 113.4 -12.7 5.0 269.3 225.6 149.2 -2.9 7.2 336.7 -0.5+ 35.8++ 9.8++ 2.2++ 67.4 * Economist Projection +Per cent ++Percentage Points Source: The Economist, para 6. Table 2: Competitiveness Index 2006 2002 1994 Greece Spain Portugal Ireland -0.502 -0.213 -0.211 0.215 -0.498 -0.128 -0.195 0.247 -0.382 -0.068 -0.198 0.118 Source: Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 169. Of all the members’ nations of the Euro Zone, Greece is the worst hit country. Other nations like Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland face the problem of domino effect. Greece is the leading nation in government finance problems. The debt has risen to 300 billion euros, which translates to over 100 percent of the states GPD. This is mirrored in other states that have poor financial strength amid rapidly growing national debts. Greece has been unable to meet the anti-crisis program targets due to different social economic positions when compared to other nations. Greek’s strength on information technology is poor as compared to Ireland, and its mortgage sector contributed largely to the crisis. The reduction of exports has hurt most economies Germany included. The problem of Greece has been noted by many, and IMEMO indicate that Greece is on the brink of default. However, it is worth noting that Greece was not the first to get in the deep circle of crises. Countries like Ireland and Portugal had to work hard to get foreign assistance in order to avoid default (IMEMO, para. 9). First recent news that Greece doctored its statistics to a favorable image for EU zone explains a series of problems back at home. Also, massive corruption and lack of private investment regulation has led to the process that has put Greece at the center stage of the Euro Zone crisis. The Greek debt is further compounded by serious streets protest tha t hinder anti crisis measures to help alleviate the brink to bankruptcy. The in the last two years the government has received two bail outs from the Members of EU circle but these have not solved the problem. Today Greece faces a daunting task of reducing wages at the cost of street protest. The government contemplates on imposing austerity measures in spending that will help in the overall plan of hoisting from the pit. Many businesses in Greece are facing challenges while others have collapsed due to the weight of the repercussions. Greek’s problem of tax evasion and the governments inability to collect taxes crowd the country with more than it already has. Also, its membership to EU requires that the country does not devalue its currency to make exports cheaper hence more quagmires (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 173). Solutions for Greece crisis problem The problem with Greece’s debt crises started in the 1980s; therefore, simple strategies meant to help the nation can only suffice for short periods. The path to the future does resemble interventions recommendations that can be suitable for other economies like France, or UK. Greece specificities allow for structural changes in order to stabilize the fiscal sector. These must be accompanied by development incentives. The government must seek ways to stabilize the public economies and the fiscal sector hence the need for stable leadership as this may take long. Greece would be able meet the Lisbon’s treaty requirements and increase market trust by doing this. This would become a firm base upon which sustainable economic growth can be based. In the short term, Greece must make macroeconomic policy cuts and increase taxes tough at the face of mass street protest. In the long term, structural changes in public expenses and revenues are needed in order to stabilize the public economies without choking the developmental perspective (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 171). Greece’s condition allow s many possibilities, but they must be evaluated on the feasibility and effectiveness bearing in mind the serious problem in the country. The only option that Greece has is to adopt actions that will guarantee stability. This lies in structural reforms that are backed by austere measures. Greek has to follow its Stability Program which needs EU supervision on issues like fiscal transparency and national statistical agency. The need for massive bail out is required; however, this must be coupled by a determination to grow slowly. This should focus on strict measures that will involve recession in order to correct the imbalances and help the public finance become strong again to exude credibility (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 174). The goal is increase production base through sustainable growth. This should be done through appropriate planning of the best development model that should emphasize on competitiveness and extroversion. This has a long term advantage in stabilizing public situ ation. When fiscal stabilization and fiscal consolidation test the economic development the creation of appropriate economic environment allows investors to prosper (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 175). Therefore, key stabilization structures can encourage economic growth through private initiatives and entrepreneurs taking risks in order to avert depression by other measures like public expense reduction or reduction of public investment (Batten and Szilagyi, 29). The existing resources in the public sector as measures in structural strategies have to be used. These resources, when used in competent ways, may lead to sustainable reduced public expense. The evaluation of public infrastructure works should guide the policy and decision making process that would help in examining financial and human resources. With this line, the process of rationalizing the public resources should help in actions that lead to evaluation and appraisal of public managers. This should be done to determine co mmensurate rewards through independent processes and criteria. Secondly, evaluation of the civil servant and thirdly record and assess job positions duties and their required qualifications. Also, reforming the public servant regime to ensure flexibility and reconstruction of public-staff transfer framework should be done to allow public servants moving from one service to another. Finally, lifelong education and training processes should be focused on public servants in order to realize public resource management. Increasing tax collection should be the next solution not just as a reason for the crisis, but as a requirement for economic and structural interventions. Tax collection in Greece is one dimensional. It targets the over burdened tax payer group those who are salaried and pensioned as well as those who have invisible income. This forms about 79% of the tax revenues, and thus there is a need to increase tax payers. Out of the 5.5 million tax returns, 4.1 million (74%) do no t pay taxes or get tax rebates leaving a paltry 26 % as the tax revenue yearly contributors. Therefore, there is a need to record real estate electronically and analytically, expand the control of new real estate purchases and to direct this to some groups of people should be the way forward in tax revenue management. There is the need to control suspects who evade taxes and at the same time take measures against the off-shore company transactions. The need to exercise a fair tax system for real estate properties should allow inclusion of specificities in the income of such properties to the owner. Lastly, Greece should carry out high value commercial exchanges by only debiting and crediting professional bank accounts. These accounts should be accessible to the revenue services. In this case, fiscal stabilization, consolidation, and competitiveness for sustainability in economic growth should be the measures necessary for the Greece economy in the face of crisis and a weak economy. This should set the exit strategy out of the financial problem and form the basis for long term sustainable economic development (Batten and Szilagyi, 12). Solutions and strategies to EU crisis The solutions for Euro zone crises lie in timely mobilization of economists and leaders towards anti crisis measures. The design of anti crisis measures involves the implementation of reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3 percent. Before carrying out of these measures, there is a need to establish whether they can work in socio-political countries should be done to assess the viability. The solution to timeliness and sufficiency should help nations in the future to avert serious problems like those already in the zone. The precision to provide Greece with help as already done should be as a temporary measure. Since Greece is about to be bundled out of the EU membership, serious strategies should work to help Greece and other nations get rid of the crises (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 16 7). The issue of aid euros to Greek first solves only problems in the political process like the referendum issue at hand. The real solution lies in improving the productivity of the country. This means that Greece should focus on increasing the value of exports to other nations whether members of EU or not. At the same time, the need for South Europe countries to cut public spending should take foremost backing by the member states and the states themselves. The idea that Germany should help the crisis is far-fetched. This is because each nation is endowed with experts who have to help the country forge forward in hard and good times. Although German is the leading economy in the Euro zone, it has its fair shares of problems to handle. Therefore, depending on it may be disastrous (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 168). The ECB policies have been right so far; however, the question that should be asked is how well it does its work. The fact that Greece and other nations like Bulgaria have falsified their statistics leaves the position worrying. However, this may be a case of tied hands as already noted. The powers to dictate about structural and other economic policies in a nation rest within the nation’s capability and policies. Notably, if the integration in Monetary and Market policy has to be effective; then there is a need to develop strategies to ensure that member states economic and other fiscal policies are coordinated. These strategies must be outlined on supranational forum. In this case, the most advanced countries can have the chance to train and guide the lowest performing nations on measures to attain the outlined measures. In the heat of the moment, political comments suggest the implementation of procedures that ensure nations reach certain requirements needed to join European Commission. These include administrative, structural and financial aspects (Ker-Lindsay 74). If the EU leaders strongly advocate about Stabilization Fund as a long term solution, then the problem of debt will never end. Nations sell their debts to private investors where reasons for debt are not serious like in the Euro zone. For long term solutions to work, normalization of government finance in the countries experiencing the problem is critical. These economies need to become competitive in terms of the economy, which should be backed by strong institutional changes. A total change in the economic models pursued by such countries, which have a restrictive impact on anti-crisis measures, is also critical. Such measures must be based on a number of factors. The political condition of member states should be ready to execute and adopt anti-crisis solutions which must be based on available knowledge and competencies. The need also for preparation of the public in order to agree on reforms meant to prevent rolling back in anti crisis measures. There is also the need for political stability in to guarantee the stable functioning of the government in th e decision making processes during a crisis. Within the EU powers, there is the need to support a nation that is undertaking the anti crisis efforts. The need for conditional support package within the EU policies should be based on the criteria of demonstrative show of support, which indicates confidence in the future of the euro zone. Impact of the Crisis to European integration The Euro crisis has had serious effects to integration and enlargement of the euro zone. The notable increase of the euro zone in the recent past has dwindled due to the current issues. In other aspects, it was considered that the noted increase was a politicization effort to influence states to join the EU (Savona, Kirton, and Oldani, 56). From the crisis point of view, it can have positive and negative impacts. Positively, the requirements of nations to fulfill certain requirements before being accepted in the EU makes nations engage in hard work that guarantees success and viability. The requirement for political stability puts the states on toes, and this improves the EU member states. It is important to note that member states are faced with the issue of never withdrawing from the EU. If withdrawal happens, the state risks an undervalued national currency and difficult and costly legal obstacles. This would place the whole region in an image that is not desirable (Sklias and Galatsidas, p. 176). Positively, the EU will keep on checking the quality changes happening in economic forums of individual nations hence improving the overall economic development of the EU. In terms of cultural integration, countries wishing to join the EU need to be at par with the leading EU members. This prospect allows advancement of cultures on to desirable welfare levels in order to benefit from the economic integration. This is positive in that nations may utilize this option to produce and export for better profits. Negatively, this notion assumes that weak nation’s cultures may face foreig n mixing and eventually fade which may be a source of discomfort to conservative nations (IMEMO, para. 11-13). In terms of technology, there is a need to improve basic sending, receiving, and manipulation of information for nations to work at par with the leading EU countries. In the event that integration of technology happens between member states, this means a more advantageous position to members against other non member states. The chance to improve technologically is placed as an ambitious program which can get funding from the EU guidelines hence leading to improved employment. Integration brings advantages to nonmember states, as well as advantages. The EU policy on foreign policy for non member states must strive to help nations to come to terms with emerging issues. In this context, it can help to secure financial support for such nations from large financial institutions. This is because the performance of such states affects the EU directly and indirectly (IMEMO, para. 1 4-16). The issues with border relationships are also impacted by EU between countries that are interested in joining the EU. Nations can make border issues peaceful or conflicting depending on the treatment from EU. The member states fee and funding from EU creates sustainable fund for processes and administration. However, the crisis at hand has reduced this fund, and in case of any conflicts, there may be serious problems (Savona, Kirton, and Oldani, 59). On another front on integration, reforms in existing guidelines may help to create contingency fund to a nation in case of difficulties that cannot be addressed by the country. This may be a result of the amendment of Lisbon Treaty. The EU may seek to support the G-20 efforts aimed at reforming the global financial institutions. This is aimed at gaining advantage for harmonization of economic policies in the EU states. This will help the EU to shape the economic policy of the region. At the same time, it will help in progress tow ards to innovative economy in the southern members’ states. This will give the chance to help solve the problem of structural inconsistencies between nations as well as the low GDP. The crisis has put Germany back in the leading role of economic integration in the European region due to its favorable and stable economy. Germany has become an important partner in upgrading European Integration. Conclusion The intervention of other EU countries in helping PIIGS members is a strong indication of the future force of this association. Although viewed by many as a one that may not offer the world with solutions, the management of the Euro zone crises will restore the world confidence in the EU. The crisis is a big learning lesson to the EU PIIGS, other EMU nations and the world at large in the process of public and fiscal management. This serves a lesson in the collection of taxes and the insistence of stable and accountable management budget revenues as well as expenditures. The E uro Crises has not subsided, and in the wake of new calls, it is going to improve other policies between nonmember and member states. The force of economic integration allows the Euro to have a voice on the world stage to join hands with G-20 in discussing issues that affect the world. The resolution of this crisis should allow the world to have a view that even the environmental problem is achievable if serious strategies are put in place. Therefore, global warming as an international crisis can also be tackled. Batten, Jonathan and Peter G. Szilagyi. The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Emerging Financial Markets. Bingley, U.K: Emerald, 2011. Print. Hellenic Statistical Authority. Latest Statistical data. 2010. Web. International Monetary Fund. World economic outlook April 2010: rebalancing growth. 2010. Web. IMEMO RAN. Eurozone crisis: causes and consequences for the Euro-Atlantic Region. Moscow. 2010. Web. Ker-Lindsay, James. Crisis and Conciliation: A Year of Rapproche ment between Greece and Turkey. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Print. Rossi, Vanessa and Rodrigo Delgado Aguilera. No Painless Solution to Greece’s Debt Crisis. Chatham House, International Economics. 2010. Web. Savona, Paolo, John J. Kirton, and Chiara Oldani. Global Financial Crisis: Global Impact and Solutions. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. Print. Sklias, Pantelis and George Galatsidas. The Political Economy of the Greek Crisis: Roots, Causes and Perspectives for Sustainable Development. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics. Issue 7 (2010): 166-177. Print. The Economist. Greece’s sovereign-debt crisis. 2010. Web.

The Definition of a Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV)

The Definition of a Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV) ULEV is an acronym for Ultra Low Emission Vehicle. ULEVs release emissions that are 50 percent cleaner than the current average years models. ULEVs take the LEV, Low Emission Vehicle, standard a step further but dont yet qualify for Super-Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (SULEV)  status. Although already a concept in car manufacturers wheelhouse, the rise in popularity of ULEV vehicles came after a ruling by the California courts in 2004 that all new cars sold in the state must have at least a LEV rating. Similar measures passed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on vehicle emissions regulations have also given rise to the popularity of eco-friendly vehicles.   Origins of Low Emissions As a result of the EPAs 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970, light-duty vehicle manufacturing began to undergo a phased implementation of cleaner emissions standards. Typically restricting the output of too much carbon monoxide, non-methane organic gasses, oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde, and particulate matter, these regulations sought to downsize the carbon footprint of the automobile industry in the United States. The phases of this plan rolled out Tier 1 classifications from 1994 through 1999 with Tier 2 implemented from 2004 to 2009.   As part of Californias 2004 low-emissions vehicle initiative, which provided much stricter regulations for qualifying as a low-emission vehicle, the tiers were further broken down into six sub-classifications: Transitional Low-Emissions Vehicles (TLEV), LEV, ULEV, SULEV, Partial-Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) and Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV). In 2009, President Barack Obama announced a new initiative to further decrease emissions outputs for American auto consumers. This included expanding the classifications definitions as well as standardizing Californias 2004 bill as a federally mandated program, requiring manufacturers to produce a net emissions output of their vehicles (meaning the combined average of each vehicles emissions rating) that equaled  more than 35.5 miles per gallon. Common Examples The number of ULEVs on the road has exponentially increased annually since 1994, though it wasnt until the 2010s that the market for LEVs really took off. Still, decades of experience have taught car manufacturers one thing: eco sells. More and more, companies are rushing to meet requirements for their vehicles to qualify as LEVs.   Examples of these Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicles have begun cropping up more and more frequently starting with 2007s Honda Odyssey minivan, the 2007  Chevrolet  Malibu Maxx and the 2007  Hyundai Accent. Prices are typically midrange for these mid-range low-emissions autos, encouraging more consumers to be eco-conscious with their driving habits.   Fortunately, the advent of such fuel economy measuring tools as the instant fuel economy display  also helps further combat fuel waste by alerting drivers to the real-time miles per gallon fuel consumption their car requires to operate given the drivers handling of the vehicle. Most cars produced in the United States now qualify at the very least as LEVs, with emissions across the board now down to less than one percent of emissions allowed in the U.S. in the 1960s.   Soon, hopefully, we will move further away from gasoline-reliant vehicles and instead switch to electric or hydro-powered engines.

Exchange rate diagram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exchange rate diagram - Essay Example In Figure 2, as the aggregate demand curve shifts from D0 to D1, the aggregate supply curve also shifts from S0 to S1 since the exchange rate is fixed. The increase in aggregate supply of domestic currency is usually done through the central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market. 2. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. ("Exchange Rate", 2006) When foreign interest increases, foreign investments are more attractive. As domestic people want to exchange domestic currency to foreign currency in order to earn more interests, the demand for domestic currency would decrease. Under the floating exchange rate regime, as shown in Figure 3, as the demand for domestic currency decreases, the aggregate demand curve shifts from D0 to D1, causing the exchange rate to rise from e0 to e1. Under the fixed exchange rate regime, however, as the demand for domestic currency decreases from D0 to D1 as a result of the increase in foreign interest, the aggregate supply of domestic currency must also decrease, from S0 to S1, as shown in Figure 4. ...