Brave New World Essay Example

Brave New World Essay Community, Identity, Stability? Is there such thing as a world in the future where sexual interaction is the closest aspect of a community? Is it true that the people in this society are unable to choose what they want, due to the fact that they are genetically controlled of who they are? Or to eliminate someone’s sadness by just taking one drop of a drug can automatically make them feel better? Welcome to Brave New World. The motto of Brave New World consists of three words; community, identity, stability. These words create and conditions new human life in a civilized society that presents a dystopian view of the future. The word community is based on all the different castes of diverse people â€Å"working together† to become happier within each other. Identity is based on how the people in this society are supposed to be with themselves. Lastly, stability is achieved. Or is it? The word community in the world state motto is used ironically. This is due to the fact that community is not achieved, the people in this society think it is but compared to our world now it really isn’t. In this society the community is prioritized over the individual. The community starts to speak about the concept that each of them has of happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The character John from the savage reservation thinks that the happiness of the citizens of Brave New World is not real happiness, it’s an artificial one. From John thinking this he is unable to fit into the world state society. The happiness of the community is based on the sexual interactions of one another. â€Å"The lift was crowded with men from the Alpha Changing Rooms, and Leninas entry was greeted by many friendly nods and smiles. She was a popular girl and, at one time or another, had spent a night with almost all of them† (Huxley 129). The sexual activity between the people in this society is the closest thing they have leading towards a so called ‘’family’’. Also the director of this facility conditions the castes systems genetically, physically, and psychologically. They are conditioned to believe that an individual’s feelings are a threat to the community’s stability. â€Å"When the individual feels the community reels†(Huxley 94). This slogan shows that if one person is affected then everyone else is too. Community is achieved in the eyes of the Directors view by organizing life so that each person is almost never alone. This is succeeded by making everyone feel like they are close so they won’t feel a sense of loneliness or sorrow. â€Å"Everyone works for everyone else. We can’t do without anyone. Even Epsilons †(Huxley 74). It is all about the society they would not know what to do if they were left alone. Ironically, community does not care if an individual is to die as long as the community remains stable. John had to go through this terrible crisis. In the words of Keith Neilson, â€Å"John is called to attend the death of Linda, who took too much soma drug. Maddened by the callousness of people conditioned toward death, he instigates a mutiny of workers as they are being given their soma ration† (Neilson). This was very hard for John, due to the way he was conditioned as a normal human to show love and sympathy towards death. But in this community Sympathy is despised, individuals do not matter. â€Å"Can’t you behave† (Huxley 206). When John breaks down in tears as is expected in normal life, a group young boys who are receiving there death conditioning start to make fun of him for crying. The society had a total lack of sympathy making John feel like him his feelings and mother are worth nothing at all. Identity is created a result of genetic engineering. According to Keith Neilson, â€Å"The entire process, from the fertilization of the egg to the birth of the baby, is carried out by trained workers and machines and instead of one human being resulting, there will be from eight to ninety-six identical humans†(Neilson). These trained workers separate all embryos into five groups before they are born to form the caste system. They’ll grow up with what the psychologists used to call an instinctive hatred of books and flowers† (Huxley 22). Identity ruling over the individual is a good example of the sleep teachings. The sleep teachings are hypnopaedic methods used to teach children the morals of the World State. In a room where older children are napping, a whispering voice is heard repeating what kind of things there type of caste likes and doesnâ₠¬â„¢t like. Not all characters are happy with their identity. â€Å"Talking about her as though she were a bit of meat† (Huxley 139). The character Lenina is being used with her identity, by using â€Å"meat† as her body. She herself doesn’t seem to mind but the character Bernard on the other hand who says this quote is very offended, he holds unusual beliefs about sexual relationships which causes him to fail to fit in this society. In this society the directors try to make each person feel happy and proud of their â€Å"own† identity. The director acts like the good guy and informs everyone through a sleep teaching how much better their castes are from everyone else. Compared to this world now the director is like the candidates of an election telling their citizens what they have to offer that no other candidate has. I’m awfully glad I’m a Beta, because I don’t work so hard. And then we are much better than the Gammas and Deltas. Gammas are stupid. They all wear green, and Delta children wear khaki† (Huxley 27). The society uses their identity as a sense of confidence, happiness, and control. John L. Grigsby writes, â€Å"It is set in a future society in w hich control over individuals is nearly absolute and in which there is virtually no possibility of maintaining a sane, balanced, and fully human existence. † Drug use is a common habit in this society, as well as encouraged. This is based on the motto of stability. Almost everyone in this society takes a drug called soma that relieves your pain and gives you pleasant hallucinations. John is very much against soma it is the leading cause that killed his mother, but everyone else needs it. â€Å"There’s always soma to calm your anger, to reconcile you to your enemies, to make you patient and long suffering. In the past you could only accomplish these things by making a great effort and after years of hard moral training† (Huxley 238). In this, the directors are successful in tricking them. The people in the society get a relief, and endure the fact that all the unhappiness is swept away. Also sex has become a recreational activity instead of means for reproduction. â€Å"Put your arms around me Hug me till you drug me, honey kiss me till I’m in a coma. Hug me honey† (Huxley194). When Lenina takes soma she is very sexual with men because all her discomfort is gone she is feeling a sense of happiness which makes her now stable. Stability is really the sense of control over the society. â€Å"Stability,† said the Controller,† stability. No civilization without social stability. No social stability without individual stability† (Huxley 105). The society was tricked in a way so that they would always have to take soma ever since they were born; this was to conceal and/or help create the stability. Also, the director’s superiors make the decisions on conditioning everyone to hate different things. We condition them to love all country sports. At the same time, we see to it that all country sports shall entail the use of elaborate apparatus. So that they consume manufactured articles as well as transport. Hence those electric shocks† (Huxley 33). Also there condition to love always involves spending money. They are taught to believe that they should spend money on the things they are made to like for example buying clothes. When the society learns to hate these certain things this leads to the use of soma and makes the director gain that sense of control again. This also connects to the spending money because if they spend money it leads to a good economy which causes stability and back to the start of a sense of control for the directors. And that, put in the Director sententiously, that is the secret of happiness and virtue-liking what youve got to do† (Huxley 17). Mustapha Mond the world controller of Brave New World’s opinion is based on the life he lives in this world view of the future. Everyone else in this society is conditioned to do whatever the directors want them to do. They are taught to spend money and buy clothes, they are taught to take soma, and of course they are taught to love and show a sense of â€Å"community†. John could not take this sense of living and whips himself. When Lenina visits him, he whips her to death. John then realizes how much he is in this mess and hangs himself to die. Is this picture in your head representing the world state motto? Is this a sense of stability? What are the directors going to do? Did they lose their sense of control? In Brave New World, the community is more important than that one individual. The society has no sense of sympathy or a sense of mourning. Identity is all the product of genetic engineering. These people in reality are not that happy, it is the way they are taught that makes them feel good about who they are. Lastly stability is everything. It is all the control over the society. â€Å"Community, identity, stability†, now think do these three words accurately reflect or represent this world? Brave New World Essay Example Brave New World Essay History is connected to every one of us, it is how we got where we are today.It is important to study history in school so we can compare our society to those of the past, and learn from their mistakes, to assure that history doesnt repeat itself.In Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, the people of the World State are completely cut off from history in order to protect the goals of the society.The goals of the World State are stability, without individual feeling or thinking.History would allow the individual in Brave New World to compare themselves with the past societies, creating emotion, and promoting analytical thought and the desire for change. They would understand the emotions of war and aging.History goes against the goals of the World State and gives the individual too much knowledge and reflection about change, change which would threaten the emotionless stability of Brave New World. If the people of the World State studied history it would allow them to compare their society to others.They would appreciate how much more advanced they were technologically, but note that by comparison they didnt have any freedom.History is the study of change and truth.History explains how we got to our present state, but by studying the change, the individual might get new ideas.They might start questioning rules and systems, leading to unrest.The cornerstone of their society is stability but questioning and thinking of change would erode the stability.History would also expose the individuals to other social structures.The only one they currently know is theirs and without knowledge of others, they cant contemplate change.By reading about the past they would become analytical and judgmental.They would have knowledge and truth about the world and thus wouldnt be as easily controlled by hypnopedic phases.They would have their own individuality.One example of knowledge leading to a Brave New World Essay Example Brave New World Paper Remind yourself of the following extracts Compare and contrast the subject matter and style of these two episodes and consider their importance in the novels Orwells extract contains two separate elaborations of information. They are both narrated by Winston; the first being that the only hope of the Party being over-thrown is if the proles hold an uprising and revolutionise. The second is the lies that the Party spread, or more specifically the doctored truth that becomes the past. The style and language used by Orwell to put across this information is the same as how he writes the whole novel. His style is more intended for the more intellectual reader; But simultaneously, true to the principles of double-think, the Party taught that the proles were natural inferiors who must be kept in subjection, like animals, by the application of a few simple rules This example of 1984 shows that the average reader may have to re-read certain lines to fully comprehend the complexity of the environment in which Winston is contained; whereas in Brave New World (BNW) the readability level is higher as it puts most descriptions and dialogue in more simple terms; A scientific triumph. But socially useless. Six-year old men and women were too stupid even to do Epsilon work. And the process was an all or nothing one; either you failed to modify at all, or else you modified the whole way Huxley keeps the sentences relatively shorter than those of 1984 and with a more basic language that is more universally understandable. Orwell uses narrative and political opinions in his writing compared to Huxley which is description rather than story in this extract. We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another feature of style and comparison one can make between the two authors is how much the reader knows throughout the extracts and novels and also the perspective from which they are written. In the 1984 extract, the destruction of the past is being described by Winston, and so the story is being told from his perspective. Whereas compared to BNW, Huxley is paraphrasing what Foster is saying to the students and summarising rather than giving the reader any kind of direct opinion or specific perspective. In 1984, the reader only ever knows the same as Winston (for first time-readers). In contrast with BNW, the reader always knows exactly what is going on and everything there is to know. There are no mysteries or questions that are not answered straight away in BNW, whereas an air of ambiguity is maintained by Orwell in 1984 surrounding the Party and its dealings as well as what the future holds for Winston; How could you tell how much of it was lies? The only evidence to the contrary was the mute protest in your bones, the instinctive feeling that the conditions you lived in at some other time must have been different. In 1984, the past is certain and not hidden. The process of manufacturing people is made proud by the population in BNW and its history of development is for everyone to know. This is one of the main contrasts in style as the two are very different. The Party make sure the majority (the proles and Party members) do not want to know the truth and/or question their methods by reducing their interest in such matters; let them lead their lives and all will be well (as they will not care to question the past). Whereas in BNW, the authorities make sure that the information is there for everyone to access and the past is something to be proud of and so interest on how things could be different in both novels is virtually non-existent. Two methods of achieving the same result. Huxleys language in BNW means that events occur quickly; the frequent use of words such as And, But and Which move the story or description along. Huxley writes free, indirect discourse which allows the novel to move fluently and fast-paced. The effect this has is that is dissolves the authors opinions into those of the characters.

Examples Demonstrate Use of Subjunctive Mood in Spanish

Examples Demonstrate Use of Subjunctive Mood in Spanish The subjunctive mood can be daunting for English speakers learning Spanish - mostly because even though English has a subjunctive mood  we dont use its distinctive forms very often. Therefore, the subjunctive can often be learned best by studying examples of its use. What Is the Subjunctive Mood? Lets start with the basics: First of all, the mood (sometimes called the mode) of the verb expresses either the speakers attitude toward the verb or describes how it is used in a sentence. The most common mood, the indicative mood, is used to refer to what is real, to state facts, to make declarations. For example, the verb in Leo el libro (I am reading the book) is in the indicative mood. In contrast, the subjunctive mood is typically used in such a way that the verbs meaning relates to how the speaker feels about it. In the sentence Espero que està © feliz (I hope that she is happy), the second verb (està © or is) may or may not be reality; what is important here is the speakers attitude toward the second  half of the sentence. Examples of the Subjunctive Mood How the subjunctive is used can best be seen through examples of various uses. In these sample sentences, the Spanish verbs are all in the subjunctive mood, although the English verbs may not be: Quiero que no tengas frà ­o. (I want you to not be cold. Its irrelevant whether the person is cold or not. The sentence expresses a wish, not necessarily reality.)Siento que tengas frà ­o. (Im sorry you are cold. The sentence expresses the speakers emotions about a perceived reality. What is important in this sentence is the speakers feelings, not whether the other person is cold.)Te doy mi chaqueta para que no tengas frà ­o. (Im giving you my coat so you wont be cold. The sentence expresses the speakers intent, not necessarily reality.)Se permite que lleven chaquetas allà ­. (People are allowed to wear jackets there. The phrase expresses permission for an action to take place.)Di a ella que lleve una chaqueta. (Tell her to wear her jacket. This expresses a command or wish of the speaker.)Es preferible que ustedes no viajen maà ±ana a Londres. (It is preferable that you dont travel to London tomorrow. This subjunctive is often used in giving advice.)No hay nadie que tenga frà ­ o. (Nobody is cold. This is an expression of a negation of the action in a subordinate clause.) Tal vez tenga frà ­o. (Perhaps he is cold.) This is an expression of doubt.Si yo fuera un rico, tocarà ­a el violà ­n. (If I were a rich man, I would play the fiddle. This is an expression of a statement contrary to fact. Note that in this English translation, were is also in the subjunctive mood.) Example Sentences Contrasting Subjunctive and Indicative Moods These sentence pairs show show differences between the indicative and subjunctive. Note how in most of the examples the English verb form is the same in translating the two Spanish moods. Indicative: Es cierto que sale tarde. (It is definite that she is leaving late.)Subjunctive: Es imposible que salga tarde. Es probable que salga tarde. (It is impossible that she is leaving late. It is likely that she will leave late.)Explanation: In the indicative sentence, the early departure is presented as fact. In the others, it is not.) Indicative: Busco el carro barato que funciona. (Im looking for the cheap car that works.)Subjunctive: Busco un carro barato que funcione. (Im looking for a cheap car that works.)Explanation: In the first example, the speaker knows that there is a car that matches the description, so the indicative is used as an expression of reality. In the second example, there is doubt that such a car exists, so the subjunctive is used. Indicative: Creo que la visitante es Ana. (I believe the visitor is Ana.)Subjunctive: No creo que la visitante sea Ana. (I dont believe the visitor is Ana.)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example because the subordinate clause is negated by the main clause. Generally, the indicative is used with creer que or pensar que, while the subjunctive is used with no creer que or no pensar que. Indicative: Es obvio que tienes dinero. (It is obvious you have money.)Subjunctive: Es bueno que tengas dinero. (It is good you have money.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first example because it expresses reality or apparent reality. The subjunctive is used in the other example because the sentence is a reaction to the statement in the subordinate clause. Indicative: Habla bien porque es experto. (He speaks well because hes an expert.)Subjunctive: Habla bien como si fuera experto. (He speaks well as if he were expert.)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example because its irrelevant to the sentence whether hes an expert, although the sentence suggests that he isnt. Indicative: Quizs lo pueden hacer. (Perhaps they can do it (and Im sure of it.))Subjunctive: Quizs lo puedan hacer. (Perhaps they can do it (but I doubt it.))Explanation: In a sentence such as this, the subjunctive is used to emphasize uncertainty or doubt, the indicative to emphasize certainty. Note how the Spanish verb form is used to indicate an attitude that might need further explanation in English. Indicative: Hay polà ­ticos que tienen coraje. (There are politicians who have courage.)Subjunctive:  ¿Hay polà ­ticos que tengan coraje? (Are there politicians with courage?)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example to express doubt, and it is not clear that the subject of the sentence  exists in reality. Indicative: Llegarà © aunque mi carro no funciona. (I will arrive even though my car isnt running.)Subjunctive: Llegarà © aunque mi carro no funcione. (I will arrive even if my car isnt running.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first sentence because the speaker knows his car isnt working. In the second sentence, the speaker doesnt know whether it is running, so the subjunctive is used. Indicative: La pirmide se ha reconstruido por el gobierno provincial.. (The pyramid has been restored by the provincial government.)Subjunctive: Estoy feliz que la pirmide se haya reconstruido. (I am happy that the pyramid has been restored.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first sentence because it is a direct statement of fact. The main point of the second example is the speakers reaction to the event, so the subjunctive is used.) Indicative: Cuando ests conmigo se llena mi corazà ³n.  (When you are with me my heart is full.)Subjunctive: Cuando està ©s conmigo iremos por un helado. (When you are with me we will go for an ice cream.)Explanation: When the indicative is used with cuando in a sentence of the type in the first example, it refers to a recurring action. The use of the subjunctive in the second example indicates that the event has yet to take place. A note about English use of the subjunctive The subjunctive was once used in English more than it is today, and today it is used more frequently in formal speech than in everyday use. Cases where it is still used in English might help you remember some of the instances where it is used in Spanish. Contrary-to-fact condition: If I were the president, Id keep us out of war.Expression of a desire: I would like it if he were my father.Expressions of request or advice: I insist that he go. We recommended that he fill out the form. In all the above cases, a straightforward translation to Spanish would likely use the subjunctive mood. But remember that there are numerous instances where the subjunctive is used in Spanish where we make no distinction in English.

Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Questions - Research Paper Example These good social habits will not only benefit the student but the society as a whole. Moral education will therefore help students know how to interact with the society. In order to curb the growing incidents of depreciation of moral values among students, a moral educational curriculum should be rolled out. Although, moral education is taught under different subjects, it is high time to develop a moral education curriculum that will deal with moral decay among students. A moral education curriculum will among other things, give the teacher a clear way of manipulating their student’s moral values. The moral education will aid in the holistic development of students physical, mental and social aspects. Finally, a moral education curriculum should be rolled out as it is an integral part of the learning process. It will help students become better people in the society. One of the major barriers to curricula is developing teacher assessment tools. There has also been an issue of nurturing leadership at the student level. The universal design for learning is a great tool to assist in student expression, representation and engagement. These form the primary pillars of the universal design for learning. The pillar of representation accepts the fact that different students have different ways of comprehending information. Therefore, information should be presented in different ways to increase learning opportunities. The pillar of expression accepts the fact that students have different ways of expressing themselves. It is therefore important to broaden impact of teaching by accepting this natural diversity. The third pillar accepts the fact that students will give maximum attention to the task at hand. It is therefore important ensure that individual interests of students are incorporated into teaching to broaden the impact of teaching. The three pill ars enhance student engagement, representation and

Developing and maintaining positive union management relations Essay

Developing and maintaining positive union management relations - Essay Example The negative history of industrial relations has to be overcome for all the stakeholders to achieve greater heights of competitive advantage and productivity. Poor union relations have many impacts. Key among them is lack of cooperation between the stakeholders. It has also caused a decline on workers productivity, tarnished the credibility and reputation of organizations involved, and impacted negatively on the working conditions and pay of the workers. To rectify the situation, all the stakeholders need to develop strategic partnerships, undertake joint training, improve the working conditions of the workers, actively engage in collaboration processes, and also streamline their communication processes. Developing a positive relationship with union leaders is of paramount importance if any gains have to be made. The leaders must have exemplary knowledge in union relations to be able to effectively steer the process. Negotiation and collective bargaining skills are of outmost importance here. Managers must realize that they have incredible influence on the employees' satisfaction and productivity at the workplace. Thus they must always strive to maintain strong, positive associations with their employees at the workplace if productivity has to be enhanced and positive union relations maintained. Effective communication is one of the most basic necessities towards establishing positive union management relations. Decisions must be communicated in an effective manner, not withstanding their unpopularity. All stake holders must be positively encouraged to contribute towards the well being of the organization. Effective communication will generally lead to the establishment of mutually beneficial solutions, where by all the stake holders will feel accommodated. In the process, partnerships are formed by the stake holders, either for good or bad intentions. All in all, positive union relations must be developed and maintained at all costs. Introduction The past few decades have witnessed an emergence of strong workers and labour unions, which have been mandated by the workers to guard their own interests. Among other functions, the unions are largely involved in negotiating for better working conditions and better pay packages for workers. They are run by representatives who are elected by the workers to advance their interests on their behalf. The representatives are very crucial in determining whether the unions will be effective in maintaining positive union management relations (Union relationships, 2007). In some of the countries around the world, workers' unions have mutated to major political parties, thus having a direct impact on the population of the respective countries. Maintaining positive union management relations is paramount if unions are to succeed in their core duties of guarding and promoting the rights of employees. Having sophisticated industrial structures, like is the case in the United States, may not be important as long as the relationships between the staff and their Union representatives are not in any way based on trust (Union relationsh

The Reversal of the College Marriage Gap Research Paper

The Reversal of the College Marriage Gap - Research Paper Example It is generally argued that American society has been transformed in the manner that there are visible changes in the roles of men and women at the time of their marriages. (Fry and Cohn). Due to this reason, the resulting changes in the way adults marry have been manifested in the form of late marriages. This bar graph also indicates that the marriage rates of the adults under the age of 20 have subsequently declined due to the changes in the economic status of women. Another study conducted also showed that the average age for first marriage has changed during last forty years as economic hardships as well as the changing relationships between different members of the society have contributed towards the transformation which was experienced by the American society as a whole due to this shift. (National Poverty Center) Graph -2 indicates the changes which took place in terms of ages of the college educated as well as non-college educated adults at the time of their marriage. The results suggest that the average age of the college educated as well as non-college educated adults is almost same at the time of marriage. This change in the ratio of the ages has changed over the period of time, as earlier, non-college educated adults tend to marry at an early age as compared to the college educated adults. The change is however, mainly because of the difficult economic situations with which both types of individuals have to tackle.

Export Oriented Industrialization In Developing Countries

Export Oriented Industrialization In Developing Countries One of the key indicators, of economic development of a country, is its level of industrialization. That is, as many empirical investigations proved the main reason for increased divergence in living standards between the advanced countries and the developing countries is their level of industrialization. This being the fact, it is only after decolonization and end of world War II that, developing countries consciously adopted industrialization strategies for economic development purposes and as a solution, from their vulnerable dependence on export of few primary products and import of high valued manufactured goods (Brisbane, 1980). The low terms of trade in international market for primary goods from former colonies and the determination to get out of severe poverty and register sustained growth, were the main reasons for the diversification of the narrow structure of the colonial economy. Industrialization is beneficial for developing countries for many reasons including the following (i) it reduces their vulnerable dependence; (ii) it speeds up their economic growth process; (iii) it modernize the economy through spill over or externalities effects associated with industrialization, from advanced countries; (iv) create more employment for the vast population in rural agricultural sector and accelerate income growth which is used as a means to re-distribute income to the impoverished masses; and (v) generate more foreign currency through export which reduces balance of payment problems (Brisbane, 1980). As Brisbane explained, to industrialize, developing countries adopted import substitution strategies from about 1945 to the 1970s. Import substitution strategy is designed to produce few luxury consumer goods for domestic consumption behind a very high tariff wall. However, most countries which followed the import substitution strategy failed, to meet the goal of industrialization, while spectacular growth and development was reported from developing countries that pursued an export oriented strategy, in the 1970s. Defined simply, export-oriented Industrialization (EOI) often termed as export led industrialization (ELI) is a policy designed for the purpose of speeding up the industrialization process of a country through exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. This policy requires countries to open up their domestic market to foreign competition in return to getting access to international market. In order to promote EOI and ultimately economic development, complementary policies in relation to tariffs, trade, exchange rate, and others need to be adopted and employed. This paper will critically examine how export oriented industrialization is essential for economic growth in developing countries, if it can be backed up by appropriate policies on trade, industrial policy and exchange rate policy, geared for that purpose. The paper also argues that export oriented industrialization has its own drawbacks. Thus, the essay is structured as follows: In section 2, It the paper analyses the significance of policies on the functioning of EOI, particularly: trade policy, industrial policy and exchange rate policy that developing countries need to adopt and identifies areas where government intervention is needed to bring economic development. It then explains the drawbacks of export oriented industrialization, on export dependence countries, in Section 3. Then section 4, empirically examines how EOI contributes to economic development and the conclusions are presented in section 5. 2. Significance of Policies on EOI The role of complementary policies for effectiveness of export oriented industrialization is undeniable. This paper focuses mainly on how trade, industrial and exchange rate policies can support EOI policy. 2.1 Trade policy: Appropriate trade policy is one of the key tools used for effective of export oriented industrialization and for economic development, in general. That is, the better trade policy a country has, the better chance it has for industrial diversification, creating value added products and getting more income from export. Theoretical context: Even if, there has been little consensus on the relationship between trade and short- to medium -term economic growth-and even less on its role in long term economic development. The principle of comparative advantage, which prescribe countries to specialize as to their factor endowment, first described by David Ricardo, forms the theoretical basis for traditional trade theory and provides the rationale for free trade. The principle states that even if a country produced all goods more cheaply than other countries, it would benefit by specializing in the export of its relatively cheapest good (or the good in which it has a comparative advantage)(Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 10). And some classical economists believed that the principal base for this principle is the difference in factor endowments among countries determine the relative cost of production. However, this traditional theory from classical economists has been challenged as it doesnt explain well the actual trade patterns and as the theory has unrealistic assumptions, like perfect competition, full employment etc (Murray Gibbs 2007). In addition to the unrealistic assumptions, in real situations the theory favors advanced countries, and developing countries hardly benefit anything from it. The controversial Singer Prebisch thesis, also explained this situation by stating that it is the center that gets all the benefits of international trade while the periphery gets nothing, which opposes to the Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage. He argued: given the differences in the existing economic, productive and labor market structures between the periphery and the center (in the application of technology in traded goods and in the market structures; oligopoly vs. competitive) less-developed countries cannot benefit from international market, if they adopt comparative advan tage doctrine (Todaro and Smith 2009).This is because developing countries usually produce and export primary products which have lower terms of trade. And the scope for diversification is too narrow, and these conditions put developing countries to have vulnerable dependence on international market. Thus, unlike the classical economists static comparative advantage doctrine, dynamic comparative advantage is a better option for developing countries. This is because as more innovation, technology, capital, and other requirements for industrializations are met and as industrialization happens in developing countries, it will be easier to diversify their economic structure, as manufactured goods have better terms of trade than primary products. Skarstein (2007) in his paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies,criticized the comparative advantage doctrine. He argued, what matters most in international trade is the absolute advantage that countries get out of it than a comparative advantage. And empirical evidences show that the doctrines of comparative advantage and free trade benefit the advanced countries only. This is mainly because the doctrines are likely to exclude international learning among countries. Particularly, the WTO agreement, Trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), which is a big challenge developing countries to acquire technology, skill and international learning from the rest of the world. He also argued, for a trade policy to function effectively, developing countries have to make sure that, this policy is well integrated with their industrial policy. And in addition to these, developing countries have to get support from advanced countries, through reduced import tariffs for goods from developing countries and by giving developing countries a chance to protect their industries and to get easy access to international market. He also stressed that, developing countries have to ensure that food security is maintained in their countries, as it keeps them safe from their foreign account, balance of payment problems as well. Thus, governments of developing countries have to protect agricultural production for consumption. Therefore, while designing policies, developing countries have to consider the dynamic comparative advantage or absolute advantage options. In addition to this, they also have to consider how their economic integration to the world economy should be in support of EOI. 2.2 Industrial policy: A proper industrial policy is also another important tool for effective export oriented industrialization, as a countrys industrialization depends on how individual domestic firms are protected. This is because, it is individual firms that innovate and harness technological change and compete in the world market (Suranovic, 2002). The basic policy component of industrial policy for developing countries is Infant industry protection. It is a necessary condition, because newly emerging firms in developing countries need some policy to help them grow strong and to safeguard them from intrusion of foreign firms in their market, that have a negative effect on their growth. Infant industries in developing countries can mainly be protected through import tariff mechanism, which reduce imports from the rest of the world and raises demand and production of domestic product. This protection enables the domestic firms to cover their higher production costs and to remain in business. Depending on the nature of the firm, infant industry protection strategy will help the domestic firms to produce efficiently and to be competent in international markets. However, in order to use the infant industry protection policy as a tool for export oriented industrialization, government of developing countries need to have reliable information about what industry to protect, how large the production tariffs need to be and over what period the tariffs will be reduced and eliminated. Because import tariffs have to be gradually reduced and eliminated, to increase efficiency of domestic firms. A complementary policy component to infant industry protection in export oriented industrialization is export promotion. This component stimulates export and allows the infant industry to have access to international market, while Infant industry protection policy allows the new domestic firm to grow strong. For industrial policy to be effective it has to be complemented by competition policy, as some regulations are required for the competition among domestic firms and simultaneously, as there is a need for policy to protect the domestic firms from intrusion of foreign firms in their market. A coherent execution of industrial policy requires a coordinated approach to trade policies. This is because trade policies are designed usually in accordance with a countrys trade negotiations, which include: policies related to investment, tariff, Intellectual property, and others. The effectiveness of tariffs as a tool for industrialization is also linked to the monetary policy framework within which it operates. When the capital account is liberalized control over exchange rates may be lost and the appreciation of exchange rates can obviously undermine export competitiveness and the impact of tariff protection (Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 19). 2.3. Exchange rate policy: The role of exchange rate policy in the success of export oriented industrialization strategy is undeniable. Exchange rate is a policy on the level of exchange rate of a countrys currency. The main challenge in formulating the exchange rate policy is in keeping balance between maintaining exchange rate stability and maintaining export price competitiveness, which requires devaluation. Devaluation increases the value of imports, while it gives options for exporters to choose either to reduce the prices of their products or to keep them as they are, to increase their profit margin. Thus, devaluation, at a cost of higher inflation, enables domestic industries to be competent internationally, by keeping the volume of import down and by raising the volume of export (domestic output) higher. The role of government in controlling inflation, to stabilize the economy is very essential, here. Thus, this phenomenon in addition to supporting the export oriented industrialization process it helps countries to improve their current account balance in Balance of payment problem (Jacob, Atta ; Keith R., Jefferis ; Ita, Mannathoko and Pelani, Siwawa-Ndai 2000) 3. Drawbacks of Export dependence A country is dependent on export, if export constitutes the largest portion of its gross domestic products. However, even if EOI strategy contributes for economic development, the extent to which this strategy is applied has to be considered for various reasons. To mention some of them, as dependency theorists argue: first, export dependent developing countries cause chaos on the long-term economic planning capacity of a nation-state (Barratt-Brown Prebisch) as these countries have little or no control over the market, to allow sustained economic growth through stable revenue. Second, Income from export is not a reliable source for economic development for developing countries. As many of the export oriented industrializations in these countries are owned by multinational corporations, and large portion of revenue from such sources are not repatriated, to be used for re-investment (Jaffee, 1985). 4. Empirical evidence: Skarstein, 2007 paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies, showed the empirical evidences on EOIs contribution for miraculous economic development of the Asian tigers and the now developed countries. It mainly showed the relationship between economic development and effective implementation of infant industries protection policy and export promotion policy. In support of this, it is argued, that many people have argued that Infant industry protection was precisely the industrial development strategy that was pursued by countries like the US and Germany during their rapid industrial development before the turn of the 20th century. Both the US and Germany had high tariffs during their industrial revolution periods. These tariffs helped protect fledgling industries from competition with more efficient firms in Britain and may have been the necessary requirement to stimulate economic growth (Suranovic 2002) Bairoch also analyzed data and concluded that the different the effect of free trade on developed and developing countries is. In all the cases he analyzed, free trade has a positive effect on developed countries while it lets the least developed countries to suffer. He mentioned that United Kingdom registered its fastest growth during the period (1860 1880). In those cases he analyzed, how effective import tariffs for developing countries were in their economic development (Bairoch, 1972, p. 211). In his paper, Skarstein, illustrated, with detailed data how the East Asian tigers used industrialization policy for their economic development. That is: first by implementing a policy of protected import substitution and then, as their industries grow competent, by shifting their industrialization strategy to export oriented industrialization, with a slow reduction of import barriers for industrial good. And, at the same time, how implementing high import protection for their agriculture helped them to maintain food security and helped their success in industrialization The miraculous performance of the East and South East Asian countries during 1970s to 1990s cannot be analyzed without considering the connection between the export -oriented policies and economic growth. In the Newly Industrialized Economies from East and South East Asia, the general macroeconomic policies as well as selective export promotion policies facilitated the high export and economic growth. Following their path China and India also changed their policy stance in favor of export oriented policies and moved on the high growth trajectories. 5. Conclusions: In sum industrialization is a key process for developing countries for economic development. However, as many economists agree, the process of economic development is very complex, as it depends on large number of variables such as political system, socio economic structure, capital accumulation (both physical and human), trade, price fluctuations, and income distribution, and even more on geographical characteristics. As such, while export oriented industrialization contributes to economic growth, it is not necessarily indispensable to the growth and development of developing countries. As explained in this essay, EOI can be one of the key strategies to register economic growth. And in order for it to function effectively it has to be supported by appropriate components of the policy like: infant industry protection strategy, competition policy, export promotion strategy and others. More specifically, it requires well functioning and well integrated macroeconomic policies like: trade policy, industrial policy, exchange rate policy, investment policy, tariff policy and others. Government intervention also plays a key role in making the export oriented industrialization effective for economic development. Examined empirical evidences also reveal that Export-oriented Industrialization was particularly the characteristic of the economic development of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore in the post World War II period . In addition to Asian Tigers, evidences also tell how EOI strategy contributed for the economic development of US, Germany and others, who are now in developed world category. However, though the role of export oriented industrialization in economic development is undeniable, countries have to also carefully consider its share in the gross domestic product, as larger export dependence has a negative effect on economic growth.

Courts Essays -- essays research papers

The jurisdiction of the federal courts is defined in Article III, Section 2, of the Constitution, as extending in law and equity to all cases arising under the Constitution and federal legislation; to controversies to which the U.S. shall be a party, including those arising from treaties with other governments; to admiralty and maritime cases; to controversies between states; to controversies between a state, or its citizens, and foreign governments or their subjects; and to controversies between the citizens of one state and citizens of another state. The federal courts were also originally invested with jurisdiction over controversies between citizens of one state and the government of another state; the 11th Amendment (ratified February 7, 1795), however, removed from federal jurisdiction those cases in which the citizens of one state were plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant. The amendment did not disturb the jurisdiction of the federal courts in case s in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state, the defendant. Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction in patent and copyright cases; and by congressional enactment in 1898, federal courts were vested with original jurisdiction in bankruptcy cases. The courts established under the powers granted by Article III, Sections 1 and 2, of the Constitution are known as constitutional courts. Judges of constitutional courts are appointed for life by the president with the approval of the Senate. These courts are the district courts, tribunals of general original jurisdiction; the courts of appeals (before 1948, circuit courts of appeals), exercising appellate jurisdiction over the district courts; and the Supreme Court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A district court functions in each of the more than 90 federal judicial districts and in the District of Columbia. A court of appeals functions in each of the 11 federal judicial circuits and in the District of Columbia; there is also a more specialized court with nationwide jurisdiction known as the court of appeals for the federal circuit. The federal district court and the court of appeals of the District of Columbia perform functions discharged in the states by state courts. All lower federal cour ts operate under uniform rules of procedure promulgated by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the highest ap... ...tes, the same courts of original jurisdiction deal with both civil and criminal cases; these courts usually have two levels, one handling misdemeanors and civil claims under $5000, the other handling felonies and civil claims over $5000. Between the lower courts and the supreme appellate courts, in a number of states, are intermediate appellate courts which, like the federal courts of appeals, provide speedier justice for litigants by disposing of a large number of cases that otherwise would be added to the overcrowded calendars of the higher courts. Courts of last resort, the highest appellate tribunals of the states in criminal and civil cases and in law and equity, are generally called supreme courts. In New York state, however, the Supreme Court is a trial court; the highest appellate court of New York, as well as of Maryland, is called the Court of Appeals. The state court systems also include a number of minor courts with limited jurisdiction. These courts dispose of minor offenses and relatively small civil actions. Included in this classification are police and municipal courts in cities and larger towns and the courts presided over by justices of the peace in rural areas.

Examine How Shakespeare Presents the Character of Friar Lawrence ‘Romeo and Juliet’

Examine how Shakespeare presents the character of Friar Lawrence ‘Romeo and Juliet’ In ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Shakespeare presents Friar Lawrence in many ways, such as, a holy man, a fatherly figure but also as a coward. Friar Lawrence is a key instrument of fate within the play; he has good intentions but ends up helping fate to create tragedy. In the first scene the audience see Friar Lawrence in; he is presented as being extremely knowledgeable.The audience see him gathering plants and herbs and demonstrates his knowledge by saying ‘For this being smelt, with that part cheers each part cheers each part being tasted, stays all senses with the heart. ’ This line portrays the idea that each cure for an illness can also be deadly if taken in the wrong way. This demonstrates his knowledge of plants, herbs and medicine. As well as this the Nurse enters one scene and praises Friar Lawrence for his ‘good council’ by saying ‘O, what lea rning is! ’ This emphasises the Friar’s knowledge and shows that other characters view him as intelligent.Secondly Shakespeare presents Friar Lawrence as not only being a holy man but as being aware of the world or ‘worldly wise. ’ This is proven at many points throughout the play such as when Romeo comes to Friar Lawrence’s cell and the Friar can tell that Romeo hasn’t been to sleep because he has been with a girl. This is illustrated in the line ‘Our Romeo hath not been to bed tonight. ’ As well as this Friar Lawrence comments on how quickly Romeo falls in love with one girl to the next by saying ‘Young men’s love then lies not truly in their hearts but in their eyes. This demonstrates that Friar Lawrence is aware that not all love is true. Furthermore, Friar Lawrence agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet so hastily to ensure that they do not have sex before marriage. This is proven in the lines ‘We shall make sho rt work for by leaves, you shall not stay alone, till holy church incorporate two in one. ’ This again emphasises how ‘worldly wise’ Friar Lawrence is as he realises that young people do have sex before marriage and do not always worry about faith and what religion has to say about their actions.Throughout the play Shakespeare also presents Friar Lawrence as being a councillor and fatherly figure towards Romeo. This side is portrayed in many scenes and is proved in lines such as ‘That’s my good son’ where Friar Lawrence is addressing Romeo as if he is his son. This is also illustrated in the line ‘wisely and slow they stumble that run fast’. This shows that Friar Lawrence is seeing Romeo grow up and make mistakes so that he can learn from them; this is something a father would usually say about their own child.As well as this the first time Romeo greets Friar Lawrence Romeo uses the word ‘father’ which proves to the a udience that he perceives Friar Lawrence as a fatherly figure. Friar Lawrence appears to be someone that Romeo can go to, to seek advice and guidance rather than speaking to his father. This highlights that in upper class families the relationship between parents and children is maybe not as strong as it is in lower class families. As well as having all of these characteristics Shakespeare also presents Friar Lawrence as being a respected man among other characters.We see this in the final scene where the prince asks Friar Lawrence for his account of events, the line that proves this is ‘Then say at once what thou dost know in this’. This illustrates to the audience that the Prince respects and values Friar Lawrence’s view and opinion on events that have occurred. However even though Friar Lawrence is presented as having lots of positive characteristics he also possesses some negative ones, such as being slightly irresponsible. Examples of his irresponsibleness o ccur several times throughout the play, the first example being when he first agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet by saying ‘I’ll thy assist be’.This is an irresponsible thing to do because Friar Lawrence knows that he does not have either parents consent, he also knows that Romeo and Juliet only met the night before and therefore, may not be truly in love. Another example of Friar Lawrence being presented as irresponsible is when he agrees to perform a bigamous marriage between Juliet and Paris, he tells Juliet to ‘Give consent to marry Paris’. This shows he is irresponsible because bigamous marriages are illegal and he is a priest so is supposed to abide by the law.Furthermore, the plan Friar Lawrence comes up with to help Romeo and Juliet be together is not thought through fully and is generally irresponsible. This is proved in the lines ‘I’ll send a Friar with speed to Mantua, with my letters to thy lord’, this is not thought thr ough fully as how will the Friar that is sent know where Romeo is in Mantua and how will Friar Lawrence know that Romeo has received the letters in time. The whole plan that Friar Lawrence comes up with is irresponsible as he is giving a 13 or 14 year old girl a ‘remedy’ that will give her no pulse and make her appear dead, which could be potentially risky.Finally, at the end of the play we see Friar Lawrence being presented as behaving quite cowardly, which is a contrast to what we see throughout the play when he risks his reputation by helping Romeo and Juliet to secretly marry. We see evidence of this when the Prince and his guards turn up in the final scene of the play and Friar Lawrence says ‘Come go, good Juliet, I dare no longer stay’. This is cowardly behaviour because he is willing to come up with a plan but then does not want to face up to the consequences of it. Friar Lawrence is presented in many different ways throughout the play by Shakespeare .It is apparent that in Friar Lawrence’s beginning scenes his more positive characteristics are presented to the audience, such as how knowledgeable, worldly wise, fatherly and respected he is. Whereas towards the end of the play the audience begins to see how irresponsible and cowardly Friar Lawrence can be. Despite his small amount of negative characteristics it is evident to the audience that Friar Lawrence’s intentions are good but because fate had everything mapped out tragedy occurred and there was nothing any of the characters could do to stop it.

Read Roman Republic and Brutus Essay

Read Roman Republic and Brutus Essay Read: Roman Republic and Brutus Essay Yes. Brutus clearly wishes the best for Rome, and kills Caesar out of "civic responsibility," understanding that if no one stops him, he'll become tyrant of Rome and the Republic will be over. He's the only one acting out of that conviction; most other characters in the play don not act honorably and are interested in how Caesar's death will benefit themselves. Posted by enotechris on January 2, 2009. Flag Post Message enotechris Reply to Post 3 robertwilliam Teacher College - Sophomore Educator, Debater, Expert, Dickens, The Bard Great question - and there isn't a right answer. Antony clearly doesn't think so when he juxtaposes Brutus' actions with his ideals in the funeral speech in which he - with increasing levels of irony - describes Brutus and the conspirators as an honorable man. Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through; See what a rent the envious Casca made; Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb'd; And as he pluck'd his cursed steel away, Mark how the blood of Caesar follow'd it... The huge gulf between Brutus' ideals and his actions is where the problem lies. In his soliloquy he outlines that he has no "personal cause" to attack Caesar, but only the "general: he would be crowned". Yet we've seen Brutus be persuaded by Cassius, who plays absolutely on Brutus' own self-important sense of honour, and even compares Brutus with Caesar, asking "why should that name be sounded more than yours?". Is Brutus only drawn into the conspiracy ("general cause") out of self-regard and arrogance - "a personal cause"? Perhaps. And, when you compare Brutus' imperative that the conspiracy rises against Caesar's spirit, in which there "is no blood", with the blood that pours out after the assassination itself, you have to conclude that Brutus is somewhat painfully idealistic. Personally, I don't think he's honorable, but a cynical portrayal of how a self-regarding liberal can bring about absolute disaster. But whichever way you go, he's a political disaster. Posted by robertwilliam on January 2, 2009. Flag Post Message robertwilliam Reply to Post 4 afi80fl Teacher High School - 10th Grade Assistant Educator Yes, absolutely, Brutus was most definitely an honorable man. Think about his initial resistance to Cassius' advances: he asks what sort of dangerous path he is being led down. Brutus

What American Dream Essay

What American Dream Essay What American Dream? Essay What American Dream? â€Å"The idea that we are the greatest people in the world because we have the most money in the world is ridiculous. Wait until this wave of prosperity is over! Wait ten or fifteen years! Wait until the next war on the Pacific, or against some European combination! ... The next fifteen years will show how much resistance there is in the American race. There has never been an American tragedy. There have only been great failures.† Fitzgerald uttered these words to an interviewer, sent to talk with one of the great writers of the 20th century, two years after The Great Gatsby was published. Two more years passed, Wall Street crashed, another great American failure. While some in Fitzgerald’s own time thought this outlook gloomy, as well as impossible, sitting in the relative comfort of the 21st century we know better. Fitzgerald noticed the greed of the people and the common practice of living outside their means; he also noticed how this c ould ruin America and all that we used to be. The Great Gatsby is known by many as a poignant insight into the ruin of the American dream, but these same people may be surprised to learn that when writing The Great Gatsby, the term ‘the American dream’ did not exist. That was not to become commonplace until 1931 in James Truslow’s The Epic of America (Churchwell). One fact remains as true today as the day Fitzgerald put his finishing touches on The Great Gatsby; money is the true corrupter. Fitzgerald saw this truth before the stock market crashed and before we put a name on the American dream. Using symbolism, F. Scott Fitzgerald warned America of what was to come if we didn’t turn away from greed and the all encompassing corruption of money. Perhaps the first character to analyze should be Daisy Buchanan, Gatsby’s one, but ultimately heartless, love. To me, Daisy represents money, the dream that the 99% strived for. She does not really care about anyone, she does whatever suits her. Like money, she is heartless, yet the object of many men’s desires. Fitzgerald physically describes her like money as well; â€Å"†¦full of money- that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals’ song in it† (Fitzgerald 127). No one in Daisy’s life treats her as a person or sees her as she truly is; like money, she is just an object. To Tom, she is the wife he can always go back to, a trophy and the person society expects him to be with. To Gatsby, she is the young girl he met and fell in love with before the war. Just like money, people are blinded to Daisy and what having her truly does to you. Both men go to great lengths to keep her; in a sense, Tom kills to have her. It isn’t Daisy they really love or want, but the idea of her; as with money, it’s everything she can bring you. While reading The Great Gatsby, the audience is well aware of t he class differences in this 1920’s society, even if Gatsby is not. Gatsby symbolizes the 99%, those who don’t have money but wish they did, who want the lavish lifestyle of the upperclass. Typical of someone driven by greed, he does immoral things to get his dream. Gatsby’s business dealings show how far he is willing to go to secure Daisy, and by extension, money. That is not to say that Gatsby is an immoral man, he is human, and like most of the 99% does whatever necessary to secure his wealth. Tom Buchanan is the character who I think represents something very interesting; both the corruption of wealth and the idea that those who strive for this ‘American dream’ will never reach true satisfaction. That idea works very well for the relationship between Tom and Daisy; â€Å"I love Daisy too. Once in a while I go off on a spree and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, in my heart I love her all the time† (Fitzgerald 138). In the end, people will always choose money, they will always go back to that corrupt seductress. Myrtle was something on the side, a distraction, but she could

How different people understand the issues of civil rights and racism Term Paper

How different people understand the issues of civil rights and racism in America today - Term Paper Example The movement stood up for reason, rationality, and above all, liberty. This is important in understanding the underpinnings of modern civil rights movements surrounding fundamental human liberties. Joseph (2014) revisits the Freedom Summer in his article titled, When Civil-Rights Unity Fractured, stating that racial divisions that emerged during the 1960s are still present today and in order to understand the present efforts to build interracial coalitions, the present must be considered in context with its historical legacy and context. The Freedom Summer is an important period in history where began a lasting movement of black activism and involvement. Black revolution intensified during the period as many students became increasingly active and engaged themselves with various movements. Looking back at the Enlightenment Movement of the 18th century, a viable connection can be made with Freedom Summer which ignited activism based on recognition of civil and human rights to fundamental liberties. The main purpose of black activism was not merely to obtain voting rights but their aim went beyond this. With their activism, blacks were looking out for greater political transformation and greater rights for the blacks. To confront racism on a country wide scale was another prominent goal of the activists. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party played an important role for the blacks as it provided a useful tool for independently organizing their projects. Activists like Fannie Lou Hamer led the party being used as a vehicle to voice their demands. As a great number of black African Americans acquired the right to vote, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party used the voter base in order to challenge the dominant White American Democratic state delegation at the convention. Another aim of the effort was to pressurize the national party and Lyndon B.

Analyzing the character of Bird Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing the character of Bird - Essay Example At his present age of twenty eight years he still uses his nick name given to him in his adolescence. Carelessness and attitude to run away from challenging situations can clearly be witnessed by observing Bird’s behavior on the birth of his first child. Leaving his wife alone in the hospital to sweat he escapes into his years old desire of visiting Africa and imagines himself out of the hospital and into the market. Instead of returning back to the hospital to get to know of the status of the child’s birth he merely makes a phone call from a public phone to inquire about the status at the hospital. This behavior seems quite ironic. This is the time of a woman’s life when she needs her husband the most. This is when she needs all the encouragement and support to get motivated to assist the birth of the child. Just by knowing the fact that her husband is around, the man whose baby she is about to give birth to, is enough moral support for her. But Bird just didnâ €™t care. He opted for the easiest option available to him and ran out of the entire situation leaving his wife at the disposal of the doctors and his parents in law. Not very enthusiastic about fatherhood, Bird has been demonstrated as a person who runs away from all kinds of responsibilities. H feels that once he becomes a father he would be devoid of all his freedom, would be locked up in a cage with its door closed. The years that would come after his child’s birth would refrain him from going to Africa – The land of his dreams! Severely struggling between duty and desire Bird is really disappointed with life when the much awaited birth of his child does take place. Unfortunately the new born is a defective child. This further pulls the morale of the already dejected father into dungeons. At this point in his life as well the only person he thinks about is himself. This can easily be conveyed via author Kenzaburo’s (1968) following words in which he depi cts Bird’s instant reaction upon the news of his child’s abnormal birth, â€Å"Bird scuttled back to the bedroom, like a crab making for a ledge. He shut his eyes tight and tried to submerge himself in the warmth of his bed, as if by denying reality he could instantly banish it. But nothing changed. Bird shook in head in resignation.†(15) Reacting selflessly at the hospital and without meeting his wife he leaves her behind in the maternity home he ventures on into his own world running away from the hard hitting facts of life. Some earlier instances of his life, narrated by himself, show that he has considered himself to be in distress ever since he has tied himself in the bond of marriage. He narrates this feeling of his with the similitude of a person being held in a cage with the door of the cage being left open. The fist escape he opts for right after his marriage is that he gets himself drunk continuously for four months. The only thing he did was that he g ot drunk and listened to music. This was all at the expense of a lifetime relationship that he had just stepped into, a responsibility that he faced in the face of a wife who was dependent on him and on top of it all at the expense of his education. Yes, Bird was studying when he ventured on this carelessness spree. Setting aside all future prospects of establishing himself in the society Bird risked his